Electropolishing

TL;DR: In this article, the properties of surface oxides on titanium surfaces were discussed by discussing some selected examples of surface spectroscopy analyses of Ti surfaces prepared by different methods, including clinical procedures (machining, solvent cleaning, sterilization), electrochemical methods (electropolishing and anodic oxidation), thermal oxidation in air, and nitrogen-ion implantation.

TL;DR: The literature on the mechanism of electropolishing is reviewed in this article, where a brief historical outline is given and anodic levelling or macrosmoothing is distinguished from anodic brightening or microsmoothing.

TL;DR: In this article, the application of ultramicrotomy enables observation of the thickness and morphology of both very thin and friable surface films on aluminium, and it is useful in the study of certain phenomena concerning thicker porous-type anodic films.