Abstract: The rapidly increasing cost of electric power in recent years has brought about a growing awareness of the importance of pricing policies in maximizing the net economic benefits of consumption and avoiding waste. Although the theoretical principles governing optimal pricing strategies have long been understood, their practical application to the energy sector in general, and to electric power in particular, has not been seriously pursued until recently. Increasing unit costs, however, have provided the stimulus for a change in approach, and there is now a good deal of evidence that marginal cost pricing is becoming accepted as an important criterion that should be considered in determining electric power tariffs. The book contains a summary of the economic principles underlying marginal cost pricing for electric power, and emphasizes the importance of the adjustments that need to be made to the strict long-run marginal costs (LRMC) to reflect the various economic, social, and engineering objectives and constraints that are actually faced by policymakers in the energy sector. The book also consists of case studies that follow a two-stage procedure in which the LRMC of electric power is used to weigh the costs and benefits of other policy objectives that might be addressed through the medium of power pricing. LRMC is therefore treated largely as a benchmark by which other economic and social objectives may be consciously judged.

Abstract: The electricity generation-transmission-utilization system was one of the first examples of a modern integrated energy system. The subsequent rapid growth of such systems is well-known. This approach was overly simplistic in that it promoted the conversion of almost all primary sources of energy into electricity and resulted in the spread of transmission lines and the use of electrical end-use appliances and equipment to meet energy needs. It is now recognized that such an approach suffers serious limitations. The principles of integrated systems based on a combination of energy sources which provide a variety of types of energy appropriate to different tasks are discussed. Mainly renewable, decentralized and locally-available sources are involved in such systems.

Abstract: A power supply system for generating at least one of heat and electricity which includes a number of statically and functionally independent units adapted to generate at least one of heat and electricity which enable a maximum utilization of primary energy. For decentralized power supply over short and low loss supply lines the individual units are constructed as stackable modules. By exchanging or adding one or more modules, it is possible to adapt the flexibility of the power supply system to changes in demand for the energy thereby providing a practical approach to the utilization of waste heat for energy conservation purposes.

Abstract: Description: A very comprehensive introduction to electricity, magnetism and optics ranging from the interesting and useful history of the science, to connections with current real-world phenomena in science, engineering and biology, to common sense advice and insight on the intuitive understanding of electrical and magnetic phenomena. This is a fun book to read, heavy on relevance, with practical examples, such as sections on motors and generators, as well as`take-home experiments' to bring home the key concepts. Slightly more advanced than standard freshman texts for calculus-based engineering physics courses with the mathematics worked out clearly and concisely. Helpful diagrams accompany the discussion. The emphasis is on intuitive physics, graphical visualization, and mathematical implementation. Solutions are available via website to qualified users. Electricity, Magnetism, and Light is an engaging introductory treatment of electromagnetism and optics for second semester physics and engineering majors. Focuses on conceptual understanding, with an emphasis on relevance and historical development. Mathematics is specific and avoids unnecessary technical development. Emphasis on physical concepts, analyzing the electromagnetic aspects of many everyday phenomena, and guiding readers carefully through mathematical derivations. Provides a wealth of interesting information, from the history of the science of electricity and magnetism, to connections with real world phenomena in science, engineering, and biology, to common sense advice and insight on the intuitive understanding of electrical and magnetic phenomena

Abstract: This paper examines the regional differences in the irrigation demand for electricity. The analysis is based upon the Rural Electric Cooperatives' statistics on the sale of power for irrigation. A simultaneous-equation system is developed to focus on both the short-run utilization of electricity in irrigation and the long-run determination of the number of irrigators using electricity. The structural equations are estimated using pooled, state-level data for the period 1969-79. In light of the model's results, the impacts of changes in relative energy prices on irrigation are examined. There are substantial differences in the irrigation practices among regions in the United States. Farmers choose irrigation systems in response to climate, factor prices, and relative returns from agriculture. Irrigation accounted for over 14% of total energy use in crop production in 1974, and it is estimated that over 60% of all irrigation power equipment is electric (FEA/USDA and Brantwood Publications). This note shows demand estimates for irrigation electricity in various regions. Unlike most electric utilities, the Rural Electric Cooperatives (RECs) collect and publish information on the use of electricity for irrigation.' A study of the RECs' irrigation demand for electricity provides a perspective on regional differences in the irrigation demand for electricity and on the impact of changes in relative energy prices. Information on the factors that affect irrigation demand growth are needed by the cooperatives to plan for the capacity required to serve irrigation farmers. This investigation joins others which deal with energy and irrigation. Sloggett and Clark investigated the differences in irrigation techniques. Hexem and Heady, King et al., Mapp and Dobbins, and Katzman and Matlin applied linear programming models to irrigation analysis. This study employs econometric modeling to estimate price elasticities and the pattern of interfuel substitution for the irrigation use of electricity. The next section presents a simultaneous equation model for regional irrigation demand for electricity. The empirical estimation, using pooled state-level data for the period 1969-79, is then described. The final section discusses the potential impact of relative energy price changes on irrigation demand.

Abstract: A method for utilizing wind energy for electricity production based on a wind motor and an auxiliary direct current electric motor coupled by an angular speed summation mechanism to an alternating current electric generator maintained at constant speed. The generator can be connected to a power grid or can supply local user appliances by means of a circuit to which other constant frequency generators are either connected or not. If connected to the power grid or to other generators, electricity can be produced at constant frequency by the wind with high efficiency by modulating the power supplied by the auxiliary electric motor. In the case of isolated operation, a low priority user appliance which can be modulated over a certain range has also to be provided in order to produce wind electricity under optimum conditions.

Abstract: This study investigated the extent to which posters requesting that lights be turned off in classrooms would increase energy conserving behaviors. A multiple baseline design was used with two groups of eleven classrooms. Results indicated that with onset of the intervention phase, moderate increases in energy conserving behaviors occurred in both clusters of classrooms. These findings indicate that prompting techniques are an effective strategy for getting lights turned off in classrooms. The conservation of electrical energy can be approached from two different perspectives: increasing the efficiency of equipment which is operated by electricity and the installation of automated equipment to eliminate waste on the one hand, and the modification of behavior patterns of people with respect to energy consumption. For maximum effectiveness, both approaches — the technical and the behavioral — have to be combined. While solely informational procedures have had only negligible effects on energy saving [1], incentive payments reducing energy use [2], and regular feedback seem to be strong behavioral procedures for inducing energy conservation [3]. One area where different strategies have been infrequently implemented is in college classrooms. Winett, in a study of conservation in a classroom, reported that a large two foot by three foot sign was effective in reducing the per cent of lights turned off * Poster presented at the Association for Behavior Analysis, Milwaukee, May 1982.

Abstract: PURPOSE:To drive a motor by normal pedal operation even when a memory section gets trouble by separately mounting a speed control circuit for the motor and a sewing control circuit with the memory section CONSTITUTION:The first control circuit SC supplying electricity to the motor 3 in proportion to the amount of the displacement of one direction operation of a pedal 10 and the second control circuit NC supplying electricity to the motor 3 so as to turn within a speed range by the information of the memory section in proportion to the amount of the displacement of one direction operation of the pedal 10 are mounted separately to the sewing machine 1 Set signals such as the number of sewing are given to the memory section as information from a setting section MS, and a select switch (not shown) is mounted which connects the motor 3 to the circuit SC from the circuit NC when the memory section gets trouble

Abstract: PURPOSE:To prevent the generation of electric discharge and electric contact due to the fine vibration of a wire electrode and prolong the life of an electric feeder by executing the electricity feed to the wire electrode through a pinch roller which revolves, nipping the wire electrode, besides through the electric feeder CONSTITUTION:A wire-cut electric discharge machine is equipped with the upper and lower electric feeders 8 and 9 which are connected with one output edge of an electric discharge work power source 10, in contact with a traveling wire electrode 1, and a pinch roller 13 which revolves, nipping the wire electrode 1, and whose revolution is controlled to a prescribed revolution speed Further, electricity feed is performed from the electric discharge working power source 10 through the surface conductor part of the pinch roller 13 The wire electrode 1 in the electric discharge machining is vibrated by the electric discharge reaction force in a working gap and the turbulent flow of the working liquid which is pressurized and supplied into the working gap and separated from the surfaces of the electricity feeders 8 and 9 However, since electricity is supplied at all times into the wire electrode 1 nipped by the pinch roller 13, the breakage of the electric feeders 8 and 9 due to the electric discharge, electric contact, etc, can be improved drastically

Abstract: An investigation has been made of potential lighting electricity reductions and associated thermal impacts of replacing electric light with sunlight admitted through rooftop glazing on a single-story, prototypical commercial building. Experimental scale models have been used to determine the fraction of the solar radiation entering the aperture which reaches the work plane as useful illumination. This information is used in a developmental version of the building energy analysis computer program BLAST-3.0 to predict reductions in lighting electricity and the impacts on energy consumption for heating and cooling the building. It is found in general that the lighting electricity reductions are more significant than the heating and cooling impacts in a properly designed system. In an improperly designed daylighting system, where reduction of lighting electricity is the only design criterion, deleterious thermal impacts can negate the lighting electricity benefits.

Abstract: Utilisation of nuclear-powered ships and nuclear submarines as mobile electricity power stations. Principle: The generators of the ship and of the nuclear submarine are connected by means of cables to a changeover mechanism on the coast.

Abstract: The energy trends of the past and their likely evolution in the next 50 years have been analyzed in the light of technological progress. It is concluded that society will tend to become less centralized than in the past and that it is possible to have future per capita values of energy consumption at the world level similar to those at present, with a substantial redistribution to allow for economic growth of the less developed countries. A condition for this is increasing penetration of electricity. The rationale for the suggested scenario is described, and prospects for electricity for both the industrialized and developing countries are discussed.

Abstract: PURPOSE:To ensure that whenever the input is O, the blind sector compensation circuit issues the electric output signal O, by having the output O issued whenever the absolute value of the input signal is small enough not to affect the control system characteristics. CONSTITUTION:A specific level DELTAZ is set small enough so that any imput signal within this level does not affect the control system characteristics, and when absolute value of an electric imput signal Z does not exceed the specific level DELTAZ, resultant output signal X becomes O. When absolute value of an electric input signal Z is larger than the specific level DELTAZ and the value is positive, the output signal X becomes the sum of the positive upper limit value of a blind zone + Xo; or, if the input signal Z is negative, the sum of the megative lower limit level>=Xo. For more frequent cases where the electric input signal is O, resultant output signal is always O, and on electric current is supplied to the solenoid of the flow control valve, saving that much electricity.

Abstract: The Southern California Edison Company (Edison), Texaco Inc., the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Bechtel Power Corporation, General Electric Company, the Japan Cool Water Program (JCWP) Partnership and the Empire State Electric Energy Research Corporation (ESEERCO) have joined to design, construct and operate the integration of the Texaco Coal Gasification Process (TCGP) using a nominal 1000 ton-per-day coal gasifier with a General Electric combined cycle electrical generation facility (approximately 100 MW net capacity). The oxygen-blown gasifier produces a medium Btu synthetic gas. After cleanup of the syngas, the gas will be burned in modified combustors to power a combustion turbine. Further energy is recovered in a heat recovery steam generator and produces additional electricity through a steam turbine. A demonstration and testing phase of seven (7) years is planned for the Program. The current capital cost estimate is about $300 million (excluding the oxygen plant). Bechtel started construction of the plant on December 10, 1981. The plant is scheduled to be operational during the third quarter of 1984.

Abstract: A model of residential electricity demand using economic, engineering, and conservation variables was tested using data from a sample of rural residential customers served by eighteen rural electric membership cooperatives in central and southern Indiana. Electricity usage was found to be dependent upon past energy conservation efforts, even when household income, electricity prices, appliance stocks, space heating and cooling stocks, and housing characteristics were taken into account. The investigation also developed a ranking of receptivity to alternative conservation strategies. It supports public and private policies which are directed toward improving consumer attitudes toward energy conservation.

Abstract: PURPOSE:To economize electricity, by utilizing the pressure and flow of service water to drive a trbine generator. CONSTITUTION:A water pipe 1 is connected to a hydraulic turbine 3 to drive a turbine generator 6 by utilizing the pressure and flow of service water. Electricity produced by the generator 6 is used to economize other electricity.

Abstract: PURPOSE:To generate electricity extremely efficiently without constructing a dam by converting energy of natural running water of a river to rotation energy using a water wheel provided on an electricity generating vessel to obtain electric energy. CONSTITUTION:Water wheels 4, 4 is installed on both boards 2, 2 of a vessel body 1 through a wheel shaft 3, and this is connected to a generator loaded on the vessel 1 through a converter to construct a generating vessel A. And, the generating vessel A is moored to a fixed bench provided on the river side of a river, etc., or to a fixed pile provided in a river to be floated, and thereby the water wheels 4, 4 are rotated by natural running water to generate electricity.