Topic
Effector
About: Effector is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 17394 publications have been published within this topic receiving 1002706 citations.
Papers published on a yearly basis
1 / 2
Papers
TL;DR: It is shown that expression of CCR7, a chemokine receptor that controls homing to secondary lymphoid organs, divides human memory T cells into two functionally distinct subsets, which are named central memory (TCM) and effector memory (TEM).
Abstract: Naive T lymphocytes travel to T-cell areas of secondary lymphoid organs in search of antigen presented by dendritic cells. Once activated, they proliferate vigorously, generating effector cells that can migrate to B-cell areas or to inflamed tissues. A fraction of primed T lymphocytes persists as circulating memory cells that can confer protection and give, upon secondary challenge, a qualitatively different and quantitatively enhanced response. The nature of the cells that mediate the different facets of immunological memory remains unresolved. Here we show that expression of CCR7, a chemokine receptor that controls homing to secondary lymphoid organs, divides human memory T cells into two functionally distinct subsets. CCR7- memory cells express receptors for migration to inflamed tissues and display immediate effector function. In contrast, CCR7+ memory cells express lymph-node homing receptors and lack immediate effector function, but efficiently stimulate dendritic cells and differentiate into CCR7- effector cells upon secondary stimulation. The CCR7+ and CCR7- T cells, which we have named central memory (TCM) and effector memory (TEM), differentiate in a step-wise fashion from naive T cells, persist for years after immunization and allow a division of labour in the memory response.
5,952 citations
TL;DR: Current understanding of the immunoregulatory functions of PD-1 and its ligands and their therapeutic potential are discussed and an inhibitory bidirectional interaction between PD-L1 and B7-1 is discovered, revealing new ways the B7:CD28 family regulates T cell activation and tolerance.
Abstract: Programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, deliver inhibitory signals that regulate the balance between T cell activation, tolerance, and immunopathology. Immune responses to foreign and self-antigens require specific and balanced responses to clear pathogens and tumors and yet maintain tolerance. Induction and maintenance of T cell tolerance requires PD-1, and its ligand PD-L1 on nonhematopoietic cells can limit effector T cell responses and protect tissues from immune-mediated tissue damage. The PD-1:PD-L pathway also has been usurped by microorganisms and tumors to attenuate antimicrobial or tumor immunity and facilitate chronic infection and tumor survival. The identification of B7-1 as an additional binding partner for PD-L1, together with the discovery of an inhibitory bidirectional interaction between PD-L1 and B7-1, reveals new ways the B7:CD28 family regulates T cell activation and tolerance. In this review, we discuss current understanding of the immunoregulatory functions of PD-1 and its ligands and their therapeutic potential.
5,227 citations
TL;DR: Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) proteins regulate cell function, and have key roles in development and carcinogenesis, and combinatorial interactions in the heteromeric receptor and Smad complexes, receptor-interacting and Smadracing proteins, and cooperation with sequence-specific transcription factors allow substantial versatility and diversification of TGF- β family responses.
Abstract: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) proteins regulate cell function, and have key roles in development and carcinogenesis The intracellular effectors of TGF-beta signalling, the Smad proteins, are activated by receptors and translocate into the nucleus, where they regulate transcription Although this pathway is inherently simple, combinatorial interactions in the heteromeric receptor and Smad complexes, receptor-interacting and Smad-interacting proteins, and cooperation with sequence-specific transcription factors allow substantial versatility and diversification of TGF-beta family responses Other signalling pathways further regulate Smad activation and function In addition, TGF-beta receptors activate Smad-independent pathways that not only regulate Smad signalling, but also allow Smad-independent TGF-beta responses
5,218 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors characterized Cpf1, a putative class 2 CRISPR effector, which is a single RNA-guided endonuclease lacking tracrRNA and utilizes a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif.
4,381 citations
TL;DR: The results establish that the CRISPR system can be used as a modular and flexible DNA-binding platform for the recruitment of proteins to a target DNA sequence, revealing the potential of CRISpri as a general tool for the precise regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells.
3,807 citations
Related Topics (5)
Performance Metrics
| Year | Papers |
|---|---|
| 2026 | 8 |
| 2025 | 946 |
| 2024 | 1,725 |
| 2023 | 2,996 |
| 2022 | 2,942 |
| 2021 | 1,362 |