Echopraxia

Abstract: Proposed Topics American Association on Mental Deficiency Classification System Abecedarian Project Abnormalities, Neurophysiological Absence Seizures Abstract Thinking Abused Children Academic Assessment Academic Language Academic Skills Acetylcholine Achondroplasia Adaptive Behavior Additive Free Diet Adoption Affective Disorders Affective Education Aggression Agraphia Aicardi Syndrome Albinism Albright's Hereditary Osteodystrophy (Pseudo Hypoparathyroidism) Alcohol Abuse Alexia Allergy Amblyopia American Sign Language Americans with Disabilities Act Amniocentesis Anencephaly Angelman Syndrome Anorexia Nervosa Anosmia Anticonvulsants Antihistamines Antisocial Behavior Antisocial Personality Anxiety Anxiety Disorders Apgar Rating Scale Aphasia Apnea Applied Behavioral Analysis Aptitude Testing Arithmetic Arithmetic Remediation Army Group Examinations Arthritis, Juvenile Articulation Disorders Art Therapy Asphyxia Assistive Devices Associative Learning Astigmatism Ataxia Athetosis Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Attention Attribution Audiogram Audiology Audiometry Auditory Discrimination Auditory Perception Auditory Processing Auditory-Visual Integration Augmentative Communication Autism Autistic Behavior Automaticity Autonomic Reactivity Aversive Stimulus Babinski Reflex Base Rate Battered Child Syndrome Behavioral Assessment Behavioral Consultation Behavioral Observation Behavior Disorders Behavior Modeling Behavior Modification Behavior Therapy Benadryl Benzedrine Bibliotherapy Biofeedback Biological Basis of Emotional Disorders Biological Basis of Learning and Memory Birth Injuries Birth Order Birth Trauma Blindisms Bliss Symbols Bobath Method Body Types Borderline Personality Disorder Braille Brain Damage Brain Disorders Brainstem Audiometry Brittle Bone Disease (Osteogenesis Imperfecta) Broca's Aphasia Bruxism Bulimia Nervosa Cafe Aulait Spots Childhood Cancer Cardiac Disorders Cataracts Catecholamines Computerized Axial Tomography Central Auditory Dysfunction Central Processing Dysfunctions Cerebellar Disorders Cerebral Dominance Cerebral Function (Lateralization) Cerebral Infarction Cerebral Lesion Cerebral Palsy Chemical Dependency Chemotherapy Child Abuse Child Development Childhood Aphasia Childhood Psychosis Childhood Schizophrenia Chlorpromazine Cholinesterase Chorea Chromosome Chromosome Abnormalities Cloze Technique (Fluttering) Cognitive Development Cognitive Strategies Cognitive Styles Colitis Collaborative Perinatal Project Color Blindness Communication Disorders Competency Testing Computer Assisted Instruction Concept Formation Concrete Operations Conditioning Conduct Disorder Conductive Hearing Loss Congenital Disorders Congenital Word Blindness Convergent Thinking Control Group Coprolalia Cornelia Delange Syndrome Creativity Creativity Tests Cri Due Chat Syndrome Criterion Reference Testing Critical Developmental Periods Crouzon's Syndrome Cryptophyceae Cuinsenare Rods Culture Fare Testing Curriculum Based Assessment Cystic Fibrosis Cylert Cytomegalovirus Daily Living Skills Dandy-Walker Syndrome Daydream Deaf Deaf-Blind Delinquency Dendrights Depakene Depression Desensitization Developmental Apraxia Developmental Delay Developmental Disabilities Developmental Dyslexia Developmental Milestones Developmental Norms Deviation I.Q. Dexedrine Diabetes Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) Diazepam Dichotic Listening Dilantin Diplopia Disability Discipline Discriminant Analysis Discrimination Learning Distractibility Divorce Dopamine Double Blind Design Downs Syndrome Drug Abuse Drug Therapy Due Process in Education Dwarfism Dyscalculia Dysgraphia Dyskinesia Dyslogic Syndrome Dysmetria Dysmorphia Dysnomia Dysphagia Eating Disorders Echolalia Echopraxia Echological Assessment EEG Abnormalities Elavil Elective Mutism Electroencephalograph Emotional Disorders Emotional Lability Encephalitis Encopresis Endorphins Engrams Enuresis Epicanthic Fold Epidemiology Epinephrine Errorless Learning Etiology of Genetic Disorders Eugenics Expressive Dysphasia Extinction Eye-Hand Coordination Facilitated Communication Factor Analysis Familial Dysautonomia Family Therapy Febrile Convulsions Feingold Diet Feral Children Fernald Method Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Filial Therapy Food Additives Fragile X Syndrome Functional Assessment Gait Disturbances Galactosemia Gaze Aversion Generalization Genetic Transmission Genetic Variation Genius Gerstmann Syndrome Gesell Developmental Schedules g-factor Theory Gifted and Talented Glial Cells Grade Equivalents Grade Retention Graphesthesia Grieving Group Homes Group Therapy Guillian-Barre Syndrome Habituation Haldol Handedness Handwriting Hawthorne Effect Hemiparesis Hemispherectomy Hemophilia Heredity Homework Hunter's Syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidoses) Huntington's Korea Hurler's Syndrome Hydrocephalus Hyperkinesis Hyperlexia Hyperopia Hypertelorism Hyperthyroidism Hypertonia Hypnosis Hypoactivity Hypoglycemia Hypothyroidism Hypotonia Hypoxia Idiot Savant Impulsivity Inborn Errors of Metabolism Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Information Processing Intelligence Intelligence Quotient Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence Testing Intelligent Testing International Classification of Diseases Joubert Syndrome Juvenile Cerebral Macular Degeneration Juvenile Delinquency Karyotype Kasper Hauser Children Klinefelter's Syndrome Language Disorders Language Therapy Lead Poisoning Learned Helplessness Learning Disabilities Learning Styles Left Handedness Leukemia Librium Ling Method Literacy Locus of Control Louis-Barr Syndrome Lowe Syndrome Mainstreaming Maladaptive Behavior Malnutrition Manual Communication Marasmus Marfan Syndrome Mathematics Minimal Brain Dysfunction Syndrome Megavitamin Therapy Mellaril Memory Disorders Meningitis Meningomyelocele Mental Age Mental Illness Mental Retardation Metacognition Metabolic Disorders Microcephaly Minor Physical Anomalies Montessori Method Motivation Movigenics Multiple Sclerosis Multi-sensory Instruction Muscular Dystrophy Mutism Narcolepsy Nature versus Nurture Negative Reinforcement Neurofibromatosis Neurolinguistic Programming Neurological Impress Method Neuropsychology Non-verbal Learning Disability Noonan's Syndrome Normal Curve Norm Referenced Testing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Obesity Observational Learning Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Occupational Therapy Operant Conditioning Oral Language Oral Reading Oral Communication Orthopsychiatry Orton-Gillingham Reading Method Otolaryngology Otology Otosclerosis Overcorrection Palmer Crease Paraplegia Parenting Patterning Peer Relationships Peer Tutoring Perceptual Skills Perceptual Deficit Hypothesis Perceptual Training Perinatal Impairments Perseveration Personality Phenobarbital Phenothiazine Phenylketonuria Phobias Phonology Physical Anomalies Physiotherapy Piagetian Approach to Education Pica Pituitary Gland Placebo Placenta Plantar Reflex Plasticity Play Play Therapy Polydipsia Positive Practice Positive Reinforcement Poverty and Development Prater Willi Syndrome Pragmatics Precision Teaching Premack Principle Prematurity Preschool Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders Prosopagnosia Psychoanalysis Psychodrama Psycholinguistics Psychomotor seizures Psychosomatic Psychotherapy Psychotropic Drugs Punishment Pygmalion Effect Quadriplegia Rare Diseases (Selection of rare diseases, each briefly described. This could be listed under this section or each listed separately, e.g., Macroglossia, McUne-Albright Syndrome, Treacher-Collins Syndrome, etc.). Reaction Time Reading Reading Disorders Reality Therapy Receptive Language Disorders Recreational Therapy Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Reliability Remedial Reading Resource Room Respite Care Response Generalization Retention Retinitis Pigmentosa Retrolental Fibroplasia Rett Syndrome Reversals in Reading and Writing Reye's Syndrome RH Factor Incompatibility Right Hemisphere Syndrome Rorschach Rubella Schizencephaly School Phobia School Psychology Scoliosis Seckel Syndrome Seizure Disorders Self-Concept Self-Injurious Behavior Self-Stimulation Sensory Neuro Hearing Loss Sensory Integrative Therapy Separation Anxiety Six Differences in Learning Abilities Single Subject Research Design Snellen Chart Social Darwinism Social Learning Theory Social Skills Sociodrama Socioeconomic Status Sociogram Sociometric Techniques Sociopathy Soft Neurological Signs Spasticity Special Education Speech Speech Language Pathologist Speech Therapy Spelling Disabilities Spina Bifida Spinal Cord Injuries Split Brain Steinhardt's Disease Stereotypism Stimulant Drugs Stimulus Deprivation Strabismus Strephosymbolia Stress Stuttering Substance Abuse Substantia Nigra Suicide Synapses Sydenham's Chorea Tachistoscope Taxonomies Tay-Sach's Syndrome Tegretol Temperament Temper Tantrum Teratogen Test Anxiety Thalidomide Thorazine Thought Disorders Tics Tofranil Token Economies Tourette's Syndrome Tranquilizers Transfer of Training Transition Traumatic Brain Injury Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Trichotillomania Trisomy 18 Tuberous Sclerosis Turner's Syndrome Valium Valproic Acid Velo-Cardio-Facial Syndrome Velopharyngeal Inadequacy Visual Motor Skills Visual Impairment Visual Perception Vocabulary Wild Boy of Aveyrone Word Blindness Written Language Writing Disorders X Link Dominant Inheritance X Link Recessive Inheritance XYY Syndrome Zygosity

Abstract: Whenever we observe a movement of a conspecific, our mirror neuron system becomes activated, urging us to imitate the observed movement. However, because such automatic imitation is not always appropriate, an inhibitive component keeping us from imitating everything we see seems crucial for an effective social behavior. This becomes evident from neuropsychological conditions like echopraxia, in which this suppression is absent. Here, we unraveled the neurodynamics underlying this proposed inhibition of automatic imitation by measuring and manipulating brain activity during the execution of a stimulus-response compatibility paradigm. Within the identified connectivity network, right middle/inferior frontal cortex sends neural input concerning general response inhibition to right premotor cortex, which is involved in automatic imitation. Subsequently, the fully prepared imitative response is sent to left opercular cortex that functions as a final gating mechanism for intentional imitation. We propose an informed neurocognitive model of inhibition of automatic imitation, suggesting a functional dissociation between automatic and intentional imitation.

Abstract: Echopraxia and echolalia are subsets of imitative behavior. They are essential developmental elements in social learning. Their persistence or reemer- gence after a certain age, though, can be a sign of underlying brain dysfunction. Although echophenomena have been acknowledged as a typical sign in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) since its first description, their clinical significance and neural correlates are largely unknown. Here, we review the course of their scientific historical development and focus on their clinical phe- nomenology and differential diagnosis with a particular view to GTS. The neural basis of echophenomena will also be addressed. V C 2012 Movement Disorder Society Imitation (ie, reenacting a motor behavior during or after observation) and emulation (ie, performing an action based on its outcome) are crucial components of social learning. 1 Along with teaching, imitation and emulation are at the core of human cumulative cultural developments, allowing for the perpetuation and honing of behavioral achievements in societies. 2 Historically, there has been an abundance of classification schemes of imitative phenomena (eg, vicarious instigation, mime- sis, instinctive imitations, simple mimicry, parasitic fidel- ity, and so on). 3-5 Currently, imitation can be divided into ''imitative learning,'' when the observer acquires new behaviors through imitation, and ''mimicry'' or ''automatic imitation,'' when the reenacted behavior is based on previously acquired motor (or vocal) patterns and can be viewed as a process of releasing a certain prewired behavioral module corresponding to the

Abstract: A self-report scale for the symptoms of Tourette's syndrome was designed to be quickly and easily completed by children, adolescents, or adults. The Motor tic, Obsessions and compulsions, Vocal tic Evaluation Survey (MOVES) generates scores on five subscales: Motor Tics, Vocal Tics, Obsessions, Compulsions, and Associated Symptoms (echolalia, echopraxia, coprolalia, copropraxia). Subscales scores can be combined to form a Tic Subscale or an Obsessive-Compulsive Subscale. A sample of patients with Tourette's syndrome (n = 30) scored significantly higher on the Total Scale and in all Subscales, in comparison with nonreferred community controls (n = 26) and psychiatric controls (n = 23). The MOVES subscales correlated significantly (Pearson = 0.6-0.8) with independent examiner-rated scales, including the Yale Tourette's Syndrome Global Severity Scale, Shapiro Tourette Clinical Rating Scale, and two scales for obsessive and compulsive symptoms (Assessor, Beaumont). The MOVES appeared sensitive to clinical cha...