TL;DR: In this article, four universal rules called DSRP (distinctions, systems, relationships, and perspectives) are proposed as a unifying and organizing principle for the field of systems thinking and an indispensable analytical tool for solving complex problems.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider the role of the main actors in the development process, i.e., funders, implementers, partners, beneficiaries, and the context in which these interventions take place, which makes it hard to foresee routes or predict effects.
Abstract: Their success depends on the interaction of various resources (e.g. physical, economic, social, cultural) – and on the quality of collaboration between key actors responsible for these resources; The main actors (funders, implementers, partners, beneficiaries) are social beings with specific needs, interests and values; The context in which these interventions take place is often insecure and turbulent, which makes it hard to foresee routes or predict effects; Development not only requires transfers (of resources, technology or knowledge) but also is conceived as an open change process, which cannot be determined in advance and needs to be continuously shaped, in order to cope with changes or integrate lessons learned along the way.