Showing papers on "Dryopteris published in 2016"
TL;DR: The occurrence of antibiotic activity in the extracts of more than 200 species of pteridophytes has been shown to be of prime significance within the period of 1975–2015 and various bioactivities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and anti-HIV, etc.
Abstract: Selective use of crude plant extracts has been the oldest ritual in ancient Indian Medicinal System ‘Ayurveda’, as well as in Traditional Chinese Medicine system for thousands of years. This has been well documented that herbal medicines of Chinese, Indian, Korean and Native American people had included bryophytes, lichens, lycophytes and ferns. Since antiquity, most of the ferns and fern allies have given many health benefits to ancient civilizations who had used them for food, tea and drugs. Modern approaches have combined multidisciplinary technologies and have specific chemical compounds extracted and identified for producing very particulate medicines from plant parts. Plants, which yield appreciable quality and quantity of polysaccharides, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids and antibiotics are suitable for dragging out drugs for many ailments/diseases, including cancer treatments. Modern explorations on the functional activities of pteridophytes for human health by discovering specific compounds and their usage in medicines have widened the scope of pteridophytes by shaping these plants as a great boon for pharmaceutical companies and related industries. Even ‘fern weeds’, which invade our freshwater bodies and reduce the freshwater wealth of a lake, e.g. Azolla, Salvinia, Marsilea, Ceratopteris, etc. can be utilized to produce life saving drugs because they are reservoirs of very many organic compounds that are useful as medicines. Some of the fern genera have a few unique secondary metabolites, which have not been discovered in higher plants. Polyphenols are useful phytochemicals, which provide health benefits such as antioxidants. From experiments on screening of total polyphenol contents of 37 ferns and fern allies, Polystichum lepidocaulon and Polystichum polyblepharum were reported to have more than 13% of total polyphenols from dried materials of both fronds and rhizomes. In addition, fronds of Davallia mariesii and rhizomes of Cyrtomium fortune, Dicranopteris pedata, Athyrium niponicum and Dryopteris nipponensis showed more than 10% of total polyphenols from dried materials. High bioactivities of traditional medicinal ferns have been studied internationally to underscore their roles in medicine. These attempts have confirmed various bioactivities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and anti-HIV, etc. The occurrence of antibiotic activity in the extracts of more than 200 species of pteridophytes has been shown to be of prime significance within the period of 1975–2015. The active substances in many cases were found to be antibacterial to penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium phlei, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholera, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Dryopteris cochleata was active against both bacteria and fungi. Five other species of Dryopteris showed remarkable antibacterial activity. The ferns of ‘Adiantum group’ have been found to be particularly active against Gram-positive bacteria. The polypodiaceous ferns constitute a rich group of which Microsorum alternifolium, Leptochillus decurrens, Polypodium irioides, Pyrrosia mannii and Phymatodes ebenipes deserve special mention. Several thelypteroid, davallioid and athyrioid ferns, in addition to antibiotic activity have also been found to show most useful bioactivity for our life – the antioxidant activity. The latter superb biochemical quality of ferns alone makes most ferns of great advantage to human health. Lycophytes particularly Lycopodium clavatum and Equisetum hyemale and ferns (Dryopteris and Adiantums) have had constituted the backbone of Homeopathic medicines and now many more genera have been added to the network of modern medicinal approaches in the drug industry. These pteridophytes are indispensably integral parts of forests world over. A few of the aquatic ferns (Azolla, Salvinia) serve as excellent bio-fertilizers and bioremediation agents. Medicinal plants are under cultivation and cultured world over. Botanically, say a thousand years ago, these were wild and many of them were weeds. As pteridophytes have survived since Paleozoic, they have undergone series of disruptive adaptive changes of environment than any other vascular plants. These plants most likely, could withstand the tests of geological time on account of their being guarded with genetic capability of possessing many useful oils, phytochemicals (secondary metabolites) such as flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, phenols, triterpenoid compounds, varieties of amino acids and fatty acids, which in turn offer inherent tolerance and defense system . Additionally, from evolutionary point of view majority of ferns have constituted carpet flora and have worked as ‘cradles’ in natural forests so as to nurture small animals particularly reptiles and mammals. Ferns are denominators of prevalent rich biodiversity in almost every part of the earth. Comparison of evolutionary adaptations and natural innovations illuminate the genetic basis for the development of organisms. It is emphasized that there should be good field stations just in the peripheral region of reserved forests with large green houses to function as ‘Fernariums/ Mossariums/ and/or Lichenariums’ to conserve and maintain rare, endangered and medicinally superlative species found in those areas/forests. Gene networks (DNA stretches) that retain similar wiring diagrams (some or many similar DNA sequences) among related, distantly related or even totally diverse organisms point to the ways in which regulatory regions of the genome have evolved. Indisputably, comparative genomics can help us in deciphering evolvability of gene network and conservation modes during vast geological journey in evolution. We need exhaustive genomics and multidimensional molecular genetic studies on pteridophytes so as to discover unique DNA sequences, which could turn the gates of modern medicine.
59 citations
TL;DR: The pentaploid Dryopteris × critica hybrid is partly fertile (89-94% of aborted spores) and shows unstable sporogenesis with sexual and apomictic reproduction combined, which documents the mixed reproductive mode of a hybrid between apoictic and sexual ferns.
30 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive account is presented of fern-allies and ferns known to occur in Kashmir Valley, Gurez (Kishenganga Valley) and Ladakh, which have recognized medicinal value.
Abstract: A comprehensive account is presented of fern-allies and ferns known to occur in Kashmir Valley, Gurez (Kishenganga Valley) and Ladakh, which have recognized medicinal value. Out of the total number of 113 taxa (7 taxa of fern allies and 106 taxa of ferns) recorded from the area, a significant proportion (34%) is medicinally important. Amongst these, the genera Dryopteris (07) and Asplenium (06) have the highest number of medicinally important taxa. For each taxon included is provided the botanical name, family, common/vernacular name (wherever available), parts used, medicinal properties, chemical constituents etc.
22 citations
TL;DR: A phylogenetic analysis on 21 of the 23 species of Stigmatopteris, a neotropical montane genus of wet forest floors, found that it was recovered as monophyletic and sister to a clade formed by polystichoid ferns such as Arachniodes, Dryopter is, and Polystichum.
Abstract: We did a phylogenetic analysis on 21 of the 23 species of Stigmatopteris, a neotropical montane genus of wet forest floors. The analysis was based on four plastid markers: rbcL, rps4-trnS, trnG-trnR, and trnL-trnF. Two of the most closely related families to the Dryopteridaceae (Didymochlaenaceae and Hypodematiaceae) and 12 dryopteroid genera were used as outgroups. Eight morphological characters were mapped on the resulting tree. Stigmatopteris was recovered as monophyletic and sister to a clade formed by polystichoid ferns such as Arachniodes, Dryopteris, and Polystichum. Synapomorphies that distinguish Stigmatopteris are 1-pinnate-pinnatifid laminae, visible punctate glands in the mesophyll, the presence of hydathodes, uniseriate cilia on the scale margins, and loss of indusia. Within the genus are two main clades. The first consists of four species characterized by pinnae long-decurrent in at least the distal third of the lamina. The second consists of the remaining 17 species in the analysis and has no known morphological synapomorphies. Nested within this second clade is a subclade of six species endemic to southeastern Brazil. Anastomosing veins, a character often used in keys to distinguish the species, evolved three times within the genus.
15 citations
1 Jan 2016
TL;DR: The observation of gametophyte sex expression is extended to seven additional species of Dryopteris, a large genus of ferns notable for frequent hybridization between species and antheridia-inducing hormones.
Abstract: The study of sexuality in fern gametophytes has stimulated research in the genetic consequences of gametophyte sex expression (Klekowski, 1971) and in the physiology of sex determination in ferns (Dopp, 1950; Voeller, 1971). A class of antheridia-inducing hormones, antheridogens, has been discovered in several genera of ferns including Dryopteris (Dopp, 1950; Voeller, 1964). Homosporous ferns differ fundamentally from heterosporous plants in their potential for intragametophytic selfing, which eliminates heterozygosity by the union of genetically identical egg and sperm derived mitotically from a single gametophyte (Klekowski & Lloyd, 1968). Homeologous pairing in polyploids is a possible mechanism for expression of heterozygosity following intragametophytic selfing (Klekowski & Hickok, 1974). Intragametophytic selfing and intergametophytic crossing are genetically equivalent to self pollination and cross pollination in heterosporous plants. The occurence of bisexual, male, and female gametophytes in multispore cultures of Dryopteris ludoviciana suggested that gametophytes of this genus are not regularly bisexual (Cousens & Horner, 1970). This paper extends the observation of gametophyte sex expression to seven additional species of Dryopteris. Various patterns of sex expression may be adaptive in allowing different balances of intraand intergametophytic mating in different environments (Klekowski, 1972). Dryopteris is a large genus of ferns notable for frequent hybridization between species (Wagner, 1970). Three tetraploid species studied, D. campyloptera, D. spinulosa, and D. celsa, probably arose by chromosome doubling of sterile hybrids; their ancestral taxa are either known or hypothesized (Wagner, 1970; Walker, 1961, 1962). Dryopteris clintoniana is a hexaploid hybrid of D. goldiana and D. cristata (Wagner, 1970). Dryopteris intermedia, D. goldiana, D. marginalis, and D. ludoviciana are all sexual diploids. Cultures of Dryopteris gametophytes were initiated by inserting a sterile wooden applicator into 25 ml spore vials and transferring 400-600 adherent spores to a 5 ml beaker which was then filled with sterilized water to which a trace of detergent had been added. Each species studied was represented by spore samples from two or more sporophytes. After the spores were dispersed in the liquid, the suspension was divided among three sterile 60 mm petri dishes filled with sterile clay-loam soil. Only cultures which resulted in a gametophyte population density of 1-3 gametophytes per cm2 were used because previous work has shown that culture density modifies sex expression (Cousens & Horner, 1970; Rashid,
12 citations
TL;DR: There are 2,147 species, 5 subspecies, 118 varieties, 178 genera and 40 families of lycophytes and ferns in China, including 839 endemic species, which accounts for 39.08% of total species.
Abstract: The species catalogue and phylogenetic arrangement are the basis of species diversity studies. We collated the latest lycophytes and ferns in China found in recent years using the system from Flora of China. There are 2,147 species, 5 subspecies, 118 varieties, 178 genera and 40 families of lycophytes and ferns in China, including 839 endemic species, which accounts for 39.08% of total species. The top five families are Dryopteridaceae (505 species, including subspecies and varieties), Athyriaceae (323 species), Polypodiaceae (280 species), Pteridaceae (266 species) and Thelypteridaceae (209 species). The top five genera are Polysti- chum (209 species), Dryopteris (176 species), Athyrium (137 species), Diplazium (98 species) and Pteris (97 species). The following five provinces are rich in lycophytes and ferns: Yunnan (1,365 species), Sichuan (875 species), Guizhou (838 species), Guangxi (785 species) and Taiwan (779 species). Endemic species are rich in families including Dryopteridaceae (257 species), Athyriaceae (169 species), and Pteridaceae (113 species) and genera of Polystichum (140 species), Athyrium (82 species), and Dryopteris (61 species).
6 citations
18 Apr 2016
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the vegetation composition of understorey species of Malam Jabba forest by multivariate analysis and found that elevation and slope played an overriding role in the distribution of vegetation.
Abstract: In this study vegetation composition of understorey species of Malam Jabba forest is evaluated by multivariate analysis. Thirteen stands were quantitatively sampled by point centered quarter method. Environmental variables were recorded and correlate them with vegetation characteristic. In 13 stands 49 understory species were recorded. Multivariate techniques were employed to assess the vegetation groups and underlying group structure. Agglomerative Cluster analysis (Ward’s method) discloses four main groups of vegetation while Principle Component Analysis (PCA) clearly ordinate these groups on all three axes. The most common species distributed in all four groups were Adiantum capillus veneris, Adiantum venestum , Berberis lyceum, Chrysopogon aucheri, Oxalis corniculata, Pteris cretica and Trifolium repens while these species were observed in three groups i.e. Punica granatum and Plantago amplexicaulis. The Group 1 comprises on 23 species and the dominant species were Androsace rotundifolia, Aristida cynantha, Berberis lyceum, Dryopteris filix, Oxalis corniculata, Pteris cretica and Trifolium repens while Group 2 comprises on 18 species, the dominant were Pteris cretica, Adiantum venestum , Duchesnea indica while some other species included, Berberis lyceum, Chrysopogon aucheri, Chrysopogon aucheri, Dryopteris juxtapostia and Morus alba. Group 3 & 4 comprises 31 species each, in which 18 species were common i.e. Adiantum capillus veneris, Adiantum venustum, Arisaema jacquemontii , Berberis lyceum, Chrysopogon aucheri, Dryopteris filix, Dryopteris juxtapostia, Duchesnea indica, Oxalis corniculata, Plantago amplexicaulis, Polygala erioptera, Prunus avium, Pteris cretica, Punica granatum, Ranunculus muricatus, Rosa macrophylla, Trifolium fragiferum and Trifolium repens . Among the environmental variables elevation and slope played an overriding role in the distribution of vegetation. The relationships between the six PCA ordination axes with environmental factors generally showed few significant relations, only axis 2 showed marked relationship with all edaphic variables (except pH), suggesting that the edaphic gradient has an overriding role in the composition and distribution of understorey vegetation. Some other environmental factors showed weak correlations with ordination axes, it could be spurious correlation. Malam Jabba forests are highly disturbed due to civil war and anthropogenic causes. Slope of the forests prove to be an overriding role in the distribution of vegetation as evaluated by analysis of variance.
4 citations
TL;DR: Fern rhizomes have a long tradition as an additional fodder for livestock in Norway, and the tradition's core area is found in the two North Norwegian counties of Nordland and Troms, in accordance with the longer winters encountered in the north, frequently leading to fodder shortage in early spring.
Abstract: Although ferns are often known under collective names in Norway, e.g. blom, a substantial number of vernacular names for individual fern species are known, in particular for useful or poisonous taxa. In the past, the rhizomes (Norwegian: moldfor) of selected species were collected for fodder. Only scattered records of such use are available from southern Norway, and the tradition’s core area is found in the two North Norwegian counties of Nordland and Troms, in accordance with the longer winters encountered in the north, frequently leading to fodder shortage in early spring. The tradition extends northeastwards into Finnmark, but is less well documented there. Although numerous sources mention the use of fern rhizomes for fodder, the fern species hiding behind the tradition are incompletely known. This paper aims at reviewing available data in terms of identifyng the species used for fodder, the history and geographical distribution of such use, and other relevant traditions, e.g. the timing and mode of collection, and the way the rhizomes were used. The study is based on data extracted from a variety of archival and literature sources; the latter retrived from my database of more than 7500 publications providing information on plant names and plant uses in Norway. More than 200 individual records mention the use of fern rhizomes for fodder in Norway. Only a fraction of these, typically made by botanist recording data on plant uses, provides information on the identity of the species used. Based on these, Dryopteris filix-mas and Matteuccia struthiopteris stand out as the most important species serving as sources of fern rhizomes for fodder. Locally, Dryopteris expansa was the preferred species, and this taxon may to some extent be overlooked in the records so far available. With a few exceptions, Norwegian folk tradition singles out Athyrium filix-femina as a harmful and poisonous species, causing livestock to go blind and lame, but whether this is true or not, remains unknown; the symptoms are in fact documented elsewhere as a consequence of poisoning due to Dryopteris filix-mas. In coastal north Norway, fern rhizomes were regularly collected for fodder, both in late autumn and early spring, and used to remedy a recurrent shortage of fodder in late winter and spring. Locally, the tradition of collecting fern rhizomes lived on until the 1940’s or 1950’s. Although mainly a tradition of the ethnic Norwegians, it had also been adopted by the farmers belonging to the Finnish and Sami ethnic minorities. Fern rhizomes have a long tradition as an additional fodder for livestock in Norway. Preferred species were Matteuccia struthiopteris and Dryopteris filix-mas, locally also Dryopteris expansa. Athyrium filix-femina was considered to be poisonous, and usually avoided.
3 citations
TL;DR: A new species of Menis calcium from northern and central Brazil, M. delicatum, is described and illustrated and a new combination in Meniscium is proposed for Dryopteris pachysorum.
Abstract: A new species of Meniscium from northern and central Brazil, M. delicatum , is described and illustrated. In addition, a new combination in Meniscium is proposed for Dryopteris pachysorum . A key for the Brazilian species of Meniscium is presented.
3 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Two new hybrids are described in Cantabria: Dryopteris × cantabrica and D. × ronald-vianensis and hypotheses about their origins are supported by morphological, micromorphological and cytogenetic features.
Abstract: Two new hybrids are described in Cantabria: Dryopteris × cantabrica and D. × ronald-vianensis. Hypotheses about their origins are supported by morphological, micromorphological and cytogenetic features. D. corleyi and D. guanchica are involved in the origin of the former whereas. D. dilatata and a D. guanchica are presented as presumable parents of the latter. Furthermore D. × gomerica is studied and compared with the proposed hybrids. The geographic distribution of D. guanchica is expanded to Cantabria.
2 citations
TL;DR: The results showed that the wild Panax japonicus mainly distributed in moist places under the forests, by streams, or secondary forests of high grass, within east longitude 29°-30°, north latitude 108°-110° and about 1 000-15 00 meters above sea level, which may indicate that it requires higher demands on the ecological environment.
Abstract: The paper is aimed to study the distribution, population density, soil conditions and community characteristics of accompanying plants' in Enshi sub-regional different areas, with a typical habitats investigation method. The results showed that the wild Panax japonicus mainly distributed in moist places under the forests, by streams, or secondary forests of high grass, within east longitude 29°-30°, north latitude 108°-110°and about 1 000-15 00 meters above sea level. The soils were mainly tide soil and humus with yellow-brown soil, yellow soil and red soil, and the humus thickness was5-30 centimeter, pH 6.0-6.8, the moisture content of 16.8%-24.2%, soil bulk density of 1.39-2.12. Its geographical vegetation types were mainly evergreen coniferous forest, evergreen-deciduous mixture broad leaved forest and evergreen coniferous forest mixed deciduous broad-leaved forest, including three levels community structure of arbors, shrubs and herbaceous; Its accompanying plants reached 86 families, 118 genera, 134 species of seed plants, the arbors included 15 families, 21 genera, 26 species and the dominant species community mainly Pinaceae such as Pinus massoniana, P. tabuliformis, P. henryi and Taxodiaceae such as Cunninghamia lanceolata, Cryptomeria fortunei etc. The shrubs included 39 families, 54 genera, 62 species with the dominant species such as Camellia oleifera, Kalopanax septemlobus, Akebia trifoliata, Trachycarpusfortunei, Rhamnus globosa, Smilax corbularia and so on. The herbaceous included 32 families, 43 genera, 46 species, and Ferns such as the black-footed Dryopteris, Dryopteris crassirhizom, Coniogramme affinis, Polystichum tripteron, Adiantum pedatum, Lunathyrium acrostichoides, Woodsia ilvensis and Woodwardia japonica were dominant species. The cover layer covered a large number of lichens and mosses. The wild P. japonicus can be found among the P. massoniana, P. tabuliformis, P. henryi, lichens and mosses. These may indicate that the wild P. japonicusin Enshi requires higher demands on the ecological environment, its accompanying plants are mainly the tree layer-shrub layer-herb layer, and vertical structure is obvious. The study provides a basis for domestication and conservation of P. japonicus resources.
1 Mar 2016
TL;DR: The status of some taxa of fern genus Dryopteris Adans (Dryopteridaceae Ching) is analyzed in South Caucasus and the names D. raddeana (Fomin) Fomin are recognized as worthy being accepted at the rank of a species, and D. iranica Fras.-Jenk.
Abstract: In this article the status of some taxa of fern genus Dryopteris Adans. s. str. (Dryopteridaceae Ching) is analyzed in South Caucasus. Based on the critical treatment of herbarium material both collected by authors in various regions of Azerbaijan and that deposited in BAK and LE, as well as analysis of relevant literature, D. talyschensis (Askerov et A. Bobr.) Askerov et U. Aktcay, D. schorapanensis Askerov, D. iranica Fras.-Jenk., and D. raddeana (Fomin) Fomin are recognized as worthy being accepted at the rank of a species, and D. borreri (Newm.) Newm. ex Oberh. et Tavel, D. remota (A. Br. ex Doll.) Druce, and D. assimilis S. Walker are prior names for the other South Caucasian representatives of the genus. Dryopteris talyschensis known before as D. raddeana var. talyschensis Askerov et A. Bobr. (Asgarov, Bobrov, 1972) by its morpho-biological and ecological featers differs considerably from D. raddeana which is a relic and endemic species of hircanian flora. Dryopteris schorapanensis initially (Askerov, 1978) described as a hybrid, later, based on morphological and cytogenetic studies, has been proven to be a distinct apomictic triploid species (Johns et al., 1996; Fraser-Jenkins, 2007). Similarly, it was demonstrated that D. affinis subsp. coriacea Fras.-Jenk. is rather widespread in the Caucasus, possess original morphology and should better be treated as another apomictic triploid species, D. iranica . Although Fraser-Jenkins (1977, 1986) considered D. raddeana as D. pallida (Bory) Fomin subsp. subsp. raddeana (Fomin) Fr.-Jenk., we accepte it with species status. Finally, the names D. borreri , D. remota , and D. assimilis are recognized as prior for D. affinis p. p., D. kemulariae , and D. expansa p. p., respectively.
1 Jan 2016
TL;DR: Mehra et al. as mentioned in this paper found that between 5% and 10% of fern species are non-sexual, and that the only change in chromosome number occurs just before spore formation, when there is usually an automatic doubling of chromosome number in the spore mother cells.
Abstract: Between 5% and 10% of fern species are non-sexual. The non-sexual or apogamous type of life cycle is now known in over 80 species among such genera as Adiantum, Asplenium, Cheilanthes, Dryopteris, and Pteris. This form of reproduction bypasses the regular sexual fertilization of egg by sperm, and the details of the pattern were worked out by W. Dopp and Irene Manton in particular (reviewed by Mehra, 1961). The sporophyte and the gametophyte have the same chromosome number. The typical fusion of egg and sperm that occurs in the archegoniuii is lacking. The new fern plant simply grows out of the tissue of the prothallus as a bud. If the chromosome number of the sporopllyte is, for example, 87, the spore will have the same number, the prothallus the same number, and so on. The only change in chromosome number occurs just before spore formation, when there is usually an automatic doubling of chromosome number in the spore mother cells. Instead of producing
1 Feb 2016