Dryophilus

Abstract: Hyphae of P. dryophilus grow toward and penetrate the basidiospores of this same species. Penetration occurred through the pore from which a germ tube would normally arise, except in one of the four isolates in which penetration occurred through the side of the spore. Growth of hyphae toward, and penetration of spores occurred with 15 single spore isolates and with mass cultures from four different isolates in all possible combinations.

Abstract: Effects of Gadolinium and Tin to the Production of Oxidative Enzymes and the Growth of Five Basidiomycetous Fungi Effects of gadolinium (Gd) and tin (Sn) on the growth and production of oxidative enzymes with five basidiomycetous fungi were tested. For this study we have selected well-known white-rot fungi Obba rivulosa and Kuehneromyces mutabilis, in addition to this we have tested three new isolates, the white-rot fungus Phlebia subochracea, the litter-degrading fungus Gymnopus dryophilus and the brown-rot fungus Heliocybe sulcata. This approach allowed us to find possible new sources for oxidative enzymes, such as laccases and versatile peroxidases (VPs). All five tested fungi grew in the presence of Gd (0-200 mg/l) or Sn (0-200 mg/l) on ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) containing plates. The growth rate of H. sulcata was tolerant to Gd and Sn (0- 200 mg/l). The growth rates of P. subochracea and G. dryophilus were sensitive to Gd (5-200 mg/l) and Sn (5-200 mg/l). O. rivulosa, K. mutabilis, P. subochracea and G. dryophilus formed colour zones on the ABTS plates indicating that these fungi produced oxidative enzymes, most probably laccases. The brown-rot fungus H. sulcata did not form colour zone on the ABTS plate indicating that this fungus did not produce laccase. The production of laccase with G. dryophilus and K. mutabilis was tolerant to Gd (0-200 mg/l) and Sn (0-200 mg/l). The production of laccase with P. subochracea was sensitive to Gd (5-200 mg/l) and Sn (5-200 mg/l). P. subochracea decolorized the dye Reactive Black 5 without or with Gd and Sn (0- 200 mg/l) indicating the production of VP. O. rivulosa, K. mutabilis, G. dryophilus and H. sulcata did not produce VP. The production of VP by P. subochracea was sensitive to 200 mg/l Gd and Sn.

Abstract: Every year a great many valuable veneer oaks are damaged by fungal diseases as a result of their great age. The most important oakwood destroying fungi were isolated and identified and their decay activity was tested in the laboratory. White rots in oak are mostly caused byStereum frustulosum, Stereum gausapatum, Hymenochaete rubiginosa, Polyporus dryophilus orFomes robustus. The brown rot fungusPolyporus sulphureus is responsible for the so-called red rot.Fistulina hepatica produces in the heartwood of oaks an intensive redbrown discolouration, but does not injure the density and strength properties of the wood considerably; this timber defect is designated asbrown oak. In contrast toFistulina hepatica some of the other abovementioned species (for examplePolyporus dryophilus, Fomes robustus andPolyporus sulphureus) decay the infected wood rather quickly. The microscopical feature of the attacked wood nearly always shows an accumulative appearance of dark inclusions in the parenchymatous tissue as well as in the fibres and tracheids. The enzyme activity of the different species varies somewhat, in the early stage of attack an influence can sometimes be observed only immediately around the hyphae and in other cases it quickly spreads over the whole cellwall diameter. The decomposition of the lignin component in the cellwalls begins soon after infection as can be shown by staining slides with astrablue. However the early stage of fungal attack, which can generally be observed in red rotten or red striped softwood after fluorochromation with acridin-orange, is scarcely or not at all developed in oakwood.