Topic
Dry ice
About: Dry ice is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1470 publications have been published within this topic receiving 7813 citations. The topic is also known as: cardice.
Papers published on a yearly basis
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Papers
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed ice-phase bulk microphysical scheme was developed for simulating the hydrometeor distributions of convective and stratiform precipitation in different large-scale environmental conditions.
Abstract: A detailed ice-phase bulk microphysical scheme has been developed for simulating the hydrometeor distributions of convective and stratiform precipitation in different large-scale environmental conditions. The proposed scheme involves 90 distinct microphysical processes, which predict the mixing ratios and the number concentrations of small ice crystals, snow, graupel, and frozen drops/hail, as well as the mixing ratios of liquid water on wet precipitation ice (snow, graupel, frozen drops). The number of adjustable coefficients has been significantly reduced in comparison with other bulk schemes. Additional improvements have been made to the parameterization in the following areas: (1) representing small ice crystals with nonzero terminal fall velocities and dispersive size distributions, (2) accurate and computationally efficient calculations of precipitation collection processes, (3) reformulating the collection equation to prevent unrealistically large accretion rates, (4) more realistic conversion by riming between different classes of precipitation ice, (5) preventing unrealistically large rates of raindrop freezing and freezing of liquid water on ice, (6) detailed treatment of various rime-splintering ice multiplication mechanisms, (7) a simple representation of the Hobbs-Rangno ice enhancement process, (8) aggregation of small ice crystals and snow, and (9) allowing explicit competition between cloud water condensation and ice deposition rates rather than using saturation adjustment techniques. For the purposes of conserving the higher moments of the particle distributions, preserving the spectral widths (or slopes) of the particle spectra is shown to be more important than strict conservation of particle number concentration when parameterizing changes in ice-particle number concentrations due to melting, vapor transfer processes (sublimation of dry ice, evaporation from wet ice), and conversion between different hydrometeor species. The microphysical scheme is incorporated into a nonhydrostatic cloud model in Part 2 of this study. The model performed well in simulating the radar and microphysical structures of a midlatitude-continental squall lines and a tropical-maritime squall system with minimal tuning of the parameterization, even though the vertical profiles of radar reflectivity differed substantially between these storms.
544 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a carbon dioxide snow jet is used to clean a contaminated surface and the resulting interactions between the snow particles and surface contamination lead to particulate and hydrocarbon removal.
Abstract: Surface cleaning using a carbon dioxide snow jet incorporates a high‐velocity stream of small dry ice particles and gas which is directed towards a contaminated surface. The resulting interactions between the snow particles and surface contamination lead to particulate and hydrocarbon removal. Past work has demonstrated removal of micron and submicron particles and also hydrocarbon and silicone‐based stains from many different samples including Si, GaAs, InP wafers, metals, ceramics, UHV components, glass, optical components, and electronic devices. Several typical applications and examples are discussed along with the experimental parameters for effective carbon dioxide snow cleaning. The above results supports previous findings that carbon dioxide snow cleaning is nondestructive, nonabrasive, and residue‐free, thus making this cleaning procedure acceptable for many critical cleaning applications.
128 citations
Patent•
22 Jul 1975TL;DR: A cooling jacket provides personal cooling for the wearer by convection as cold carbon dioxide gas circulates within the space between the inside surface of the jacket and the wearer's body.
Abstract: A cooling jacket provides personal cooling for the wearer by convection as cold carbon dioxide gas circulates within the space between the inside surface of the jacket and the wearer's body. Dry ice is held in pockets inside the jacket, aand each pocket is vented to permit the gas to diffuse through the pocket into the space. The bottom of the jacket is provided with a waist band which closes the space at the bottom and restrains the escape of the relatively heavy carbon dioxide gas.
126 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a model for evaluating the energy balance and sublimation rate at the surface of a solid frozen CO2 bank under different environmental conditions is presented, which suggests that subliming gas behaves as a proper dense gas (i.e. it remains close to the ground surface) only for low ambient wind speeds.
114 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the tensile strength and fracture toughness of polycrystalline water ice at temperatures below terrestrial conditions (<220 K. They found that the fracture toughness showed no sensitivity to temperature.
Abstract: [1] Ice resistance to tensile fracture influences surface morphodynamics on outer planetary satellites such as Titan, yet measurements of tensile strength and fracture toughness of polycrystalline water ice at temperatures below terrestrial conditions (<220 K) have not been previously reported. We investigated these parameters from 260 K to 110 K using a walk-in freezer, and chilling by dry ice and liquid nitrogen. We also investigated the influence of solid impurity concentration and the spread in crystal grain size distribution. Although fracture toughness showed no sensitivity to temperature, we find that tensile strength increases with decreasing temperature at 7 kPa K−1for all ice types tested. For pure water ice, samples made from uniform-sized seed crystals were stronger than mixed-grain-size ice, suggesting that strength is limited by the coarse tail of the size distribution. Samples tested submerged in liquid ethanol were 0.45 MPa weaker than in air; increasing porosity reduced tensile strength. Tensile strength increased linearly with concentration of urea, basalt and ammonium sulfate. These results suggest that on Titan and other icy satellites, the tensile strength of fine-grained polycrystalline water ice containing solid impurities may be several times greater than the 1 MPa value commonly used in modeling. For low strain rate processes where fracture propagation rather than fracture initiation limits strength, a temperature invariant fracture toughness of 0.15 MPa m1/2 is appropriate. Understanding ice diagenesis on Titan, and the resulting composition, grain size distribution, and porosity, is needed to accurately model surface processes that are limited by ice resistance to fracture.
103 citations
Related Topics (5)
Performance Metrics
| Year | Papers |
|---|---|
| 2025 | 17 |
| 2024 | 17 |
| 2023 | 32 |
| 2022 | 32 |
| 2021 | 24 |
| 2020 | 49 |