TL;DR: Ten valid species in Conchoecetes are recognized, including the type species C. artificiosus, which is restricted to India, Sri Lanka Pakistan, as well as the Persian Gulf and Madagascar, while C. intermedius is shown to be the most widespread species occurring from Africa to China.
Abstract: The genus Conchoecetes Stimpson, 1858, has long been considered to include three species: C. artificiosus (Fabricius, 1798), C. andamanicus Alcock, 1900, and C. intermedius Lewinsohn, 1984. The type species, C. artificiosus, has been assumed to be widely distributed throughout the Indo-West Pacific and a fourth species, C. conchifera (Haswell, 1882), from Australia, has been regarded as a synonym. The enigmatic and long overlooked "Caphyra pectenicola Adams, in Belcher, 1848" is shown to be a species of Conchoecetes occurring in Java, Singapore and the Gulf of Thailand. We review the status of these species, establish C. conchifera as a valid species, and describe five new species: C. atlas n. sp., C avikele n. sp., C. chanty n. sp., C. investigator n. sp. and C. pembawa n. sp. In this revision we recognize 10 valid species in Conchoecetes. They are distributed from Southern Africa, across the Indian Ocean to Australia and northwards to China. Formerly considered to be cosmopolitan, C. artificiosus is restricted to India, Sri Lanka Pakistan, as well as the Persian Gulf and Madagascar, while C. intermedius, first discovered near Madagascar, is shown to be the most widespread species occurring from Africa to China.
TL;DR: Foregut data suggest that the classical taxon Oxystomata, comprising Calappidae, Parthenopidae, Dorippidae, Leucosiidae, Cymonomidae and Raninidae, is monophyletic, which makes the Heterotremata paraphyletic or polyphyletic.
Abstract: The Brachyura, within the decapod crustaceans, is one of the most species-rich taxa with up to 10 000 species. However, its phylogenetic history, evolution and fossil record remain subjects of controversy. In our study, we examined the phylogenetic relationships of the Brachyura based on morphological characters of the foregut. The cladistic analysis supports a monophyletic Brachyura including the Dromiidae and Raninidae. A clade comprising Dromiidae and Dynomenidae forms the most basal assemblage within the Brachyura, followed by the Homolidae and Latreilliidae. As a result, neither Podotremata nor Archaeobrachyura form a clade. In contrast, foregut data suggest that the classical taxon Oxystomata, comprising Calappidae, Parthenopidae, Dorippidae, Leucosiidae, Cymonomidae and Raninidae, is monophyletic. This makes the Heterotremata paraphyletic or polyphyletic. A newly established taxon, Neobrachyura, embraces some representatives of the Heterotremata and the monophyletic Thoracotremata.
TL;DR: The earliest known prosopid species, Eocarcinus praecursor Withers, is transitional in many observable traits between the macruran Glypheoidea (Middle Triassic Pseudopemphix) and the early brachyuran prosopids, especially the earliest known species Eoprosopon klugi Forster (Late Pliensbachian) as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: Larval characters indicate the Homolidae to be a rather primitive offshoot from the ancestral stock of the Brachyura and the Raninidae to be be a less primitive off shoot from the same stock.
Abstract: Descriptions are given of the first zoeal stage of Latreillia australiensis Henderson (Homolidae), a megalopa ascribed to Paromola petterdi (Grant) (Homolidae) and all zoeal stages and the megalopa of Lyreidus tridentatus de Haan (Raninidae). These larvae are compared with other known larvae of their respective families and the larval characters of these families are summarized. Larval characters indicate the Homolidae to be a rather primitive offshoot from the ancestral stock of the Brachyura and the Raninidae to be a less primitive offshoot from the same stock. They do not favour the grouping of the Homolidae with the Dromiidae in the Dromiacea or the grouping of the Raninidae with the Dorippidae, Calappidae, and Leucosiidae in the Oxystomata.
TL;DR: Six species of Dromiidae from central and southern Somalia were studied, one of which was described for the first time (Dromidia fenestrata n. sp.) and one was known only from the original record from Madagascar.
Abstract: SUMMARY A collection of 33 Dromiidae (Crustacea Decapoda Brachyura) from central and southern Somalia has been studied. Six species were present, one of which is described for the first time (Dromidia fenestrata n. sp.) and one was known only from the original record from Madagascar (Hemisphaerodromia abellana Barnard).