Diversity factor

Abstract: The essential point in designing and planning power distribution systems is the estimation of the load, because it is considered more important than the other distribution components which dictate the type of power distribution system required. The estimation of loads determines the size and location, or site, of a substation and the capacity of the associated equipment and transmission lines. Load research data provide an important input to load estimation. The estimation of future load requires an understanding of the characteristics of the various load components. Load research can provide useful information for planning and designing utility distribution systems. The most popular coefficient factors used by engineers to estimate the load on the distribution power system are the diversity factor (D/sub j/) and kWhr-to-peak-kW or conversion factor (C/sub f/).

Abstract: An assessment is presented of the technical and economic implications of integrating a sizeable complex of aerogenerators into a power system. An important economic and operational factor is the variable and uncertain nature of the wind. However, it is shown that the effects of the more rapid fluctuations are largely mitigated by the incoherency of different machine outputs; a diversity factor is defined in terms of the spacing of an array of machines and the turbulence length scale. In contrast, the slower variations are shown to require a significant enhancement of the operational reserve capacity but not to necessitate the addition of dedicated storage, to accommodate wind-power penetration up to about 20% of maximum demand. The increased uncertainty of the residual generation, over the scheduling period, significantly affects the economics of utilisation of pumped-storage and gas-turbines as standby plant. The results of an analysis of a year's data, pertaining to demand and wind speed at 4 well separated sites, are presented. Finally, those principal system aspects, that require detailed evaluation, are identified and discussed.

Abstract: Heat pump based heating systems are increasingly becoming an economic and efficient alternative for domestic gas heating systems. Concentrations of heat pump installations do consume large amounts of electricity, causing significant grid distribution and stability issues when the diversity factor is low. In this work, the three step control methodology TRIANA is extended to support the control of a heat pump fleet in order to improve diversity. Simulations show that TRIANA can reduce the peak load by at least 25% and improve σ by 33% for a representative soil-water scenario. Mathematical optimization shows that further improvement is possible.