Disposition

Abstract: Dieses vor 25 Jahren erstmals erschienene, wichtige Nachschlagewerk steht nun in der 6. aktualisierten und erweiterten Auflage zur Verfügung. Es enthält Angaben zu ca. 620 toxikologisch relevanten Verbindungen, 116 mehr als in der 5. Auflage und 194 mehr als in der 4. Auflage. Es handelt sich um Medikamentwirkstoffe, illegale Drogen, Alkaloide, Pflanzenschutzmittel, toxische Metalle und häufig verwendete Chemikalien und Lösemittel. Die Angaben beziehen sich ausschließlich auf den Menschen. Jede Substanz bildet in alphabetischer Reihenfolge der internationalen Freinamen oder chemischen Bezeichnung ein eigenes einbis dreiseitiges Kapitel mit einheitlicher Gliederung.

Abstract: This paper analyzes the trading records of a major discount brokerage house to investigate the disposition effect, the tendency to sell stocks that have appreciated in price (winners) sooner than stocks that trade below the purchase price (losers). In contrast to previous research that has demonstrated the disposition effect by aggregating across investors, our main objective is to identify differences in the disposition bias across individuals and explain this in terms of underlying investor characteristics. Building on the findings in experimental economics and social psychology, we hypothesize that differences in investor literacy about financial markets and trading frequency are responsible in part for the variation in individual disposition effect. Using demographic and socioeconomic variables as proxies for investor literacy, we find empirical evidence that wealthier individuals and individuals employed in professional occupations exhibit a lower disposition effect. Consistent with experimental economics, trading frequency also tends to reduce the disposition effect. We provide guidelines for investment advisors, regulators, and investment communities to utilize our findings and help investors make better decisions.

Abstract: Most views of good thinking and its development hold that good thinking depends on general and specific abilities. A theory of good thinking based on the concept of dispositions is proposed here. Dispositions are often considered to be a matter of motivation. However, defined here is an expanded concept called triadic dispositions which emphasizes (a) inclinations, which may reflect motivation, habit, policy, or other factors; (b) sensitivity to occasion; and (c) abilities themselves. Advanced is a list of seven general dispositions that are argued to be collectively sufficient and individually necessary for a general characterization of good thinking. For example, these include the disposition to be broad and adventurous, the disposition toward sustained intellectual curiosity, and the disposition to be metacognitive. Finally, it is argued that a dispositional perspective on good thinking is a generative way of approaching issues concerning theories of thinking, the generality of thinking abilities, cnceptual development, culture, and education

Abstract: Assessing critical thinking skills and disposition is crucial in nursing education and research. The California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI) uses the Delphi Report's consensus definition of critical thinking as the theoretical basis to measure critical thinking disposition. Item analysis and factor analysis techniques were used to create seven disposition scales, which grouped the Delphi dispositional descriptions into larger, more unified constructs: open-mindedness, analyticity, cognitive maturity, truth-seeking, systematicity, inquisitiveness, and self-confidence. Cronbach's alpha for the overall instrument, the disposition toward critical thinking, is .92. The 75-item instrument was administered to an additional sample of college students (N = 1019). The alpha levels in the second sample remained relatively stable, ranging from .60 to .78 on the subscales and .90 overall. The instrument has subsequently been used to assess critical thinking disposition in high school through the graduate level but is targeted primarily for the college undergraduates. Administration time is 20 minutes. Correlation with its companion instrument, the California Critical Thinking Skills Test, also based on the Delphi critical thinking construct, was measured at .66 and .67 in two pilot sample groups.