TL;DR: It is shown that Clausius’ original formal expression of the Second Law of Thermodynamics was achieved by making extensive use of the concept of disgregation, a quantity which has subsequently disappeared from the thermodynamic language.
Abstract: The present work analyzes the cognitive process that led Clausius towards the translation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics into mathematical expressions. We show that Clausius’ original formal expression of the Second Law was achieved by making extensive use of the concept of disgregation, a quantity which has subsequently disappeared from the thermodynamic language. Our analysis demonstrates that disgregation stands as a crucial logical step of such process and sheds light on the comprehension of such fundamental relation. The introduction of entropy—which occurred three years after the first formalization of the Second Law—was aimed at making the Second Law exploitable in practical contexts. The reasons for the disappearance of disgregation, as well as of other “pre-modern” quantities, from the thermodynamics language are discussed.
TL;DR: This chapter explores the risks of artificial intelligence and asks what kind of future can the authors design?
Abstract: A long time ago we started to speak about artificial intelligence. It was like a dream for many years, and now, with the tremendous computing capability and data availability, we are living in a kind of reality where we think everything is possible because we can train machines to do more or less everything man is able to do both with his hands and with his brain. But we must keep in mind that we can train machines to do what we do, in the way we do, but it is quite difficult, for example, to train machines, and not only, to take decision in the way and with the quickness usually necessary. And what about ethics? What kind of future can we design? This chapter explores the risks of artificial intelligence.