Disembarkation

Abstract: EATH in the Middle Passage has long been at the center of the moral attack on slavery, and during the past two centuries estimates of the death rate and explanations of its magnitude have been repeatedly discussed and debated. For comparative purposes we draw on studies of mortality in other aspects of the movement of slaves from Africa to the Americas, as well as the experiences of passengers on other long-distance oceanic voyages.1 These comparisons will provide new interpretations as well as raise significant problems for the study of African, European, and American history. The transatlantic slave trade represented a major international movement of persons, and, although only one part of the movement of slaves from the point of enslavement in Africa to their place of forced labor in the Americas, shipboard mortality was its most conspicuous and frequently discussed aspect. Of the more than 27,000 voyages included in the Du Bois Institute dataset, more than 5,000 have information on shipboard mortality. Information is provided on African ports of embarkation; American ports of disembarkation; nationality of carrying vessels; numbers of slaves leaving Africa, arriving in the Americas, and dying in transit; ship size; numbers of crew and their mortality; and length of time at sea. The dataset also permits, with subsequent collecting, the linking of this information to government

Abstract: In 2018, the European Council suggested “regional disembarkation platforms” as an innovative externalization of displacement management in the Mediterranean. Yet, the logic of naval interception, d...

Abstract: The international cruise industry has consistently recorded an average annual growth rate of 8.4 per cent since 1980 with the fastest growth happening in the last decade. However, while the domestic market is small - some 50,000 Australians take a cruise annually - Australia's cruise potential lies in the growing international recognition as a safe, interesting destination. Measuring the economic impact of a cruise ship's visit is a challenging task. Consideration must be given to whether it is a port of embarkation/disembarkation or a port of call only, and the facilities and infrastructure available for both ship operations and passenger needs. This paper provides estimates of cruise related expenditure using data for Cairns. A framework for classifying cruise related expenditure is developed. This framework can be used to estimate the economic impacts on Cairns of cruise tourism and, depending on data quality, can be used to estimate the net benefits to cairns from this special interest vi sitor market.

Abstract: The Mediterranean Sea is the most porous border between Europe and its neighbours and the world’s most dangerous border between countries that are not at war with each other. Three facts emerge: sea routes to Europe are anything but new; places of embarkation and disembarkation have changed in relation to controls; and the risk of dying at sea has considerably increased over the last decade. Two key questions for designing responses must be addressed: to what extent do the root causes of clandestine migration across the Mediterranean lie in the Mediterranean region itself; and how many in these flows are irregular labour migrants and how many are refugees? The Mare Nostrum operation launched by Italy will be discussed in terms of: rescues; compliance with European legislation; and possible pull effects on unauthorised migration. In conclusion, other possible responses will be brought up such as combatting the smugglers and pre-voyage intervention.