Direct speech

Abstract: Figures Preface Arabic Transliteration System Introduction 1. Contrastive Linguistic Decisions: the Need for Textual Competence 2. Foundation Disciplines 3. The Myth of the Single Register 4. Argumentation Across Cultures 5. Argumentation in Arabic Rhetoric 6. The Paragraph as a Unit of Text Structure 7. Background Information in Expository Texts 8. At the Interface Between Structure and Texture: the Textual Progression of Themes and Rhemes 9. Cataphora as a Textural Manifestation 10. Degree of Texture Explictiness 11. Emotiveness in Texts 12. Translating Direct Speech and the Dynamics of News Reporting 13. The Pragmatics of Politeness 14. Cultures in Contact 15. The Discourse of the Alienated 16. The Translation of Irony: a Discourse Perspective 17. The 'Other' Texts: Implications for Liaison Interpreting Glossary of Contrastive Text Linguistics and Translation Terms References Index

Abstract: How do native listeners process grammatical errors that are frequent in non-native speech? We investigated whether the neural correlates of syntactic processing are modulated by speaker identity. ERPs to gender agreement errors in sentences spoken by a native speaker were compared with the same errors spoken by a non-native speaker. In line with previous research, gender violations in native speech resulted in a P600 effect (larger P600 for violations in comparison with correct sentences), but when the same violations were produced by the non-native speaker with a foreign accent, no P600 effect was observed. Control sentences with semantic violations elicited comparable N400 effects for both the native and the non-native speaker, confirming no general integration problem in foreign-accented speech. The results demonstrate that the P600 is modulated by speaker identity, extending our knowledge about the role of speaker's characteristics on neural correlates of speech processing.

Abstract: RECENT PHENOMENON IN AMERICAN ORAL narrative is the use of like in conjunction with the stative verb be, as a quotative or introducer of speech in discourse (henceforth referred to as be like).' Most quotatives are associated with either direct speech or inner monologue but rarely with both. For example, say and go function as introducers of direct speech; a quote following say or go implies that something was actually uttered no matter how approximative. On the other hand, the quotative think may only introduce inner monologue. Whereas most quotatives introduce either inner monologue or direct speech, the new quotative be like can introduce both kinds of reported speech, thus allowing the speaker to express an attitude, reaction, or thought, as well as something actually said. Note the uses of the quotatives in the following example:2

Abstract: There are at least four varieties of quotation, including pure, direct, indirect and mixed. A theory of quotation, we argue, should give a unified account of these varieties of quotation. Mixed quotes such as “Alice said that life is ‘difficult to understand’”, in which an utterance is directly and indirectly quoted concurrently, is an often overlooked variety of quotation. We show that the leading theories of pure, direct, and indirect quotation are unable to account for mixed quotation and therefore unable to provide a unified theory. In the second half of the paper we develop a unified theory of quotation based on Davidson’s demonstrative theory. “Language is the instrument it is because the same expression, with semantic features (meaning) unchanged, can serve countless purposes.” (Davidson 1968)