DHSA

Abstract: Sodium soap of dihydroxystearic acid (DHSA) was prepared by reacting DHSA and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The properties of the soap, such as foamability, detergency, biodegradability and wetting power were evaluated. DHSA soap had higher foamability and detergency than stearic acid soap, comparable to palm stearin sulphonated methyl ester (SME) at room temperature. DHSA soap degraded more than 60% in 28 days, but stearic acid soap only 30%. The wetting time for DHSA soap was 2 min, comparable to SME but faster than stearic acid soap. DHSA soap also exhibited good corrosion inhibition with a corrosion rate of 0.002 mm yr -1 at 100 ppm.

Abstract: Dihydroxystearic acid (DHSA) was prepared from palm oleic acid and characterized by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods (gas chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) as well as wet chemistry. The crude product has a melting point of 62°C, acid value of 179, saponification value of 178, and hydroxyl value of 196. The yield was about 90% based on unsaturation. The product obtained was found to contain DHSA, saturated fatty acids, and unknown products. DHSA is soluble in alcohol, and its solubility decreased by increasing the alcohol chain length. An irritancy test of DHSA indicated that purified DHSA is nonirritating.

Abstract: Sanguinarine (SA) is a benzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloid which has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, very little was known about the pharmacokinetics of SA and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) in pigs. The purpose of this work was to study the intestinal metabolism of SA in vitro and in vivo. Reductive metabolite DHSA was detected during incubation of SA with intestinal mucosa microsomes, cytosol, and gut flora. After oral (p.o.) administration of SA, the result showed SA might be reduced to DHSA in pig intestine. After i.m. administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their peak concentrations (Cmax , 30.16 ± 5.85, 5.61 ± 0.73 ng/ml, respectively) at 0.25 hr. Both compounds were completely eliminated from the plasma after 24 hr. After single oral administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their Cmax (3.41 ± 0.36, 2.41 ± 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) at 2.75 ± 0.27 hr. The half-life (T1/2 ) values were 2.33 ± 0.11 hr and 2.20 ± 0.12 hr for SA and DHSA, respectively. After multiple oral administration, the average steady-state concentrations (Css ) of SA and DHSA were 3.03 ± 0.39 and 1.42 ± 0.20 ng/ml. The accumulation indexes for SA and DHSA were 1.21 and 1.11. The work reported here provides important information on the metabolism sites and pharmacokinetic character of SA. It explains the reasons for low toxicity of SA, which is useful for the evaluation of its performance.