Destructive procedure

Abstract: The detection of package related defects is an essential part of failure analysis. Nondestructive evaluations play a critical role in understanding the location and causes of assembly-related failures. At times, these techniques provide a complete understanding of a failure. At other times, destructive techniques must also be employed to understand the failure. The destructive techniques, typically decapsulation and cross-sectioning, are often mutually exclusive so that they can not be applied in series. In addition to guiding the selection of destructive procedures to complete the analysis, the non-destructive techniques provide an indication of areas to be exposed by decapsulation or cross-section. Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) and real-time x-ray radiography (RTX) are the primary techniques for the nondestructive imaging of the internal features of IC packages.

Abstract: The destructive inspection of low- and medium-active waste (raw or conditioned) requires the development of analytical procedures and of a suitable technology. In this field, specific difficulties result from the radiological hazards inherent to the test progress (irradiation, contamination) and also from the concern to protect the samples from various sources as well as the need to preserve their representativity. The destructive procedures and the analytical tools developed in the laboratory to perform these studies are presented.

Abstract: A gravida 4 with 2 living children aged 31 years was referred from a peripheral unit as a case of arrested after coming head of breech and was admitted to the obstetric emergency unit of our institution. As per her last menstrual period the gestational age was 34 weeks. She had not had any antenatal care. Her course of labour was uneventful until the delivery of the shoulders, then it was found difficult to deliver the head even after manipulative efforts and she was referred approximately 12 hours after the onset of labour. On examination, her blood pressure and pulse rate was 114/80mm of Hg and 104/min respectively, fundal height corresponded to 32 weeks with distended lower uterine segment and without active uterine contraction. A foetal head was partially palpable in supra pubic region. Foetal heart rate was 124/min. On per vaginal examination cord pulsation was absent, a head was felt with intact membrane deeply engaged in right occipito-posterior position and another hyper-stretched neck which was in continuation with the delivered trunk was felt anteriorly (Figure 1). Clinical findings were consistent with the diagnosis of obstructed labour due to interlocked twin, where the head of second twin was deeply engaged in the occipitoposterior position and the head of first baby was partially engaged. She was resuscitated with intravenous fluid and broad spectrum antibiotics and in view of the obstructed labour with foetal distress of second baby, delivery by lower segment caesarean section was decided. Under general anaesthesia dis-impaction was tried initially by putting the patient in steep head down position and pushing up the first baby inside the uterine cavity which was unsuccessful. During caesarean section it was found difficult to deliver the head of second baby due to tight impaction. Therefore, decapitation of first dead baby was done vaginally and head of first baby was pushed upwards under direct vision. The second baby was delivered first and the head of the first baby was taken out subsequently. Apgar score of the second baby was 6 at 5min and was transferred to the neonatal care unit. The weights of the first baby and second baby were 2 kg and 2.2 kg, respectively. The patient was discharged with 2 baby on 8 day postpartum in good condition. She was offered sterilisation at the time of operation which she declined. She was counselled to use temporary methods of contraception to delay her next pregnancy for at least 3 years.