TL;DR: Two explanations are discussed for the failure to detect differences between the two clades, which suggest lentic and lotic clades may indeed display similar levels of species turnover despite occupying very different habitats at different spatial scales and that more work is needed to investigate the effects of population level processes and spatial scale on macroevolutionary dynamics.
Abstract: Most aquatic beetles in the family Dytiscidae are tightly associated either with running (lotic) or stagnant (lentic) water bodies. The range size of lotic species is known to be, on average, much smaller than that of lentic species, presumably as a result of differences in dispersal strategies in each habitat type. We explored possible effects of these differences on clade evolution and speciation rates by comparing species-level phylogenies based on cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and 16S rRNA mitochondrial genes for two genera, the lentic Ilybius and the lotic Deronectes. The expectation that species turnover is higher in lotic lineages due to their lower dispersal propensity compared to lentic species was not strongly supported. Deronectes displays a higher frequency of recent splits than Ilybius, consistent with the hypothesis, but the difference was not significant compared to expected patterns under a constant speciation rate null model. Similarly, when the degree of sympatry was plotted against relative node age, more allopatric splits were evident in the lentic Deronectes, suggesting a slower rate of range movement since speciation, but the differences were not significant. We discuss two explanations for our failure to detect differences between the two clades. First, current methods for analysing species-level phylogenies may be sensitive to taxonomic and sampling artefacts. Second, lentic and lotic clades may indeed display similar levels of species turnover despite occupying very different habitats at different spatial scales. More work is needed to investigate the effects of population level processes and spatial scale on macroevolutionary dynamics.
TL;DR: A phylogenetic tree inferred from four gene fragments of Dytiscidae, including 222 species in 116 of 174 known genera and 25 of 26 tribes, identified 28 well supported lineages corresponding to recognized tribes or groups of genera.
TL;DR: Two new diving beetle species of the subtribe Deronectina are described from south-eastern Anatolia and analysis of molecular studies suggests that the new species and D. doriae Sharp, 1882 are closely related but undoubtedly different with an uncorrected p distance of 7% in the cytochrome oxydase gene.
Abstract: Two new diving beetle species of the subtribe Deronectina are described from south-eastern Anatolia. Deronectes kabilcevz sp. n. belongs to the D. longipes-subgroup of the D. parvicollis-group. It is externally similar to the other members of this subgroup, but can be separated by the different shape of the median lobe of aedeagus. Deronectes propedoriae sp. n. belongs to the D. doriae-group. Analysis of molecular studies suggests that the new species and D. doriae Sharp, 1882 are closely related but undoubtedly different with an uncorrected p distance of 7% in the cytochrome oxydase gene. Also external characters allow an easy separation although only the female holotype of the new species is known-the pronotum and the last abdominal ventrite of each have very different shapes. The habitus, the genitalia and other features of the species are illustrated. The keys to species of the respective groups of genus Deronectes are updated. Including the results of this study, 61 species of Deronectes are now known.
TL;DR: The morphological, molecular and combined phylogenies mostly agree with the current classification of the group, but in some cases the results are in contradiction with established genera.
Abstract: The subtribe Deronectina Galewski, 1994 (Dytiscidae, Hydroporinae, Hydroporini) is distributed in the Nearctic, in the north of the Neotropical region, and in the Palaearctic and Afrotropical regions. It is currently composed of 194 species and 13 subspecies in eight genera: Amurodytes Fery & Petrov, 2013, Boreonectes Angus, 2010, Deronectes Sharp, 1882, Nebrioporus Regimbart, 1906, Oreodytes Seidlitz, 1887, Scarodytes Gozis, 1914, Stictotarsus Zimmermann, 1919, and Trichonectes Guignot, 1941. We present a morphological and a molecular phylogeny of the species of the subtribe, and a revision of their taxonomy to accommodate our phylogenetic results. The morphological phylogeny is based on the study of 54 characters of the adults of 189 species and 2 subspecies, of which 114 species and the 2 subspecies were coded in the morphological matrix. For the molecular phylogeny we investigated 115 species and 11 subspecies, using a combination of fragments of four mitochondrial (COI, 16S rRNA, tRNA-Leu and NAD1) and two nuclear genes (18S rRNA and H3), analysed with maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. For both datasets we included the type species of all genus-group taxa. The morphological, molecular and combined phylogenies mostly agree with the current classification of the group, but in some cases our results are in contradiction with established genera. Most remarkable are the polyphyly of Stictotarsus and Nebrioporus , the low support for the monophyly and internal phylogeny of Oreodytes , and the low support for the monophyly of Deronectina with molecular data. Thus, we introduce some taxonomic changes in the current classification to accommodate the generic concepts to our phylogenetic results. Nine new genera are established: Clarkhydrus n. gen. (type species Hydroporus roffii Clark, 1862), Hornectes n. gen. (type species Hydroporus quadrimaculatus Horn, 1883), Iberonectes n. gen. (type species Deronectes bertrandi Legros, 1956), Larsonectes n. gen. (type species Potamonectes minipi Larson, 1991), Leconectes n. gen. (type species Hydroporus striatellus LeConte, 1852), Mystonectes n. gen. (type species Deronectes neomexicanus Zimmerman & Smith, 1975), Nectoboreus n. gen. (type species Hydroporus aequinoctialis Clark, 1862), Nectomimus n. gen. (type species Oreodytes okulovi Lafer, 1988), and Zaitzevhydrus n. gen. (type species Hydroporus formaster Zaitzev, 1908). Three genera are reinstated as valid: Deuteronectes Guignot, 1945 (stat. rest.) (type species Hydroporus picturatus Horn, 1883), Nectoporus Guignot, 1950 (stat. rest.) (type species Hydroporus abbreviatus Fall, 1923), and Neonectes J. Balfour-Browne, 1940 (stat. rest.) (type species Hydroporus natrix Sharp, 1884). Thirty-six new combinations for species and subspecies thus far treated in the genera Boreonectes , Nebrioporus , Oreodytes and Stictotarsus result from the new classification: Clarkhydrus corvinus (Sharp, 1887) n. comb., C. decemsignatus (Clark, 1862) n. comb., C. deceptus (Fall, 1932) n. comb., C. eximius (Motschulsky, 1859) n. comb., C. falli (Nilsson, 2001) n. comb., C. interjectus (Sharp, 1882) n. comb., C. minax (Zimmerman, 1982) n. comb., C. opaculus (Sharp, 1882) n. comb., C. roffii (Clark, 1862) n. comb., C. spectabilis (Zimmerman, 1982) n. comb., Deuteronectes angustior (Hatch, 1928) n. comb., Hornectes quadrimaculatus (Horn, 1883) n. comb., Iberonectes bertrandi (Legros, 1956) n. comb., Larsonectes minipi (Larson, 1991) n. comb., Leconectes striatellus (LeConte, 1852) n. comb., Mystonectes coelamboides (Fall, 1923) n. comb., M. grammicus (Sharp, 1887) n. comb., M. neomexicanus (Zimmerman & Smith, 1975) n. comb., M. panaminti (Fall, 1923) n. comb., M. titulus (Leech, 1945) n. comb., Nectoboreus aequinoctialis (Clark, 1862) n. comb., N. dolerosus (Leech, 1945) n. comb., N. funereus (Crotch, 1873) n. comb., Nectomimus okulovi (Lafer, 1988) n. comb., Nectoporus angelinii (Fery, 2015) n. comb., N. congruus (LeConte, 1878) n. comb., N. crassulus (Fall, 1923) n. comb., N. obesus obesus (LeConte, 1866) n. comb., N. obesus cordillerensis (Larson, 1990) n. comb., N. rhyacophilus (Zimmerman, 1985) n. comb., N. sanmarkii sanmarkii (C.R. Sahlberg, 1826) n. comb., N. sanmarkii alienus (Sharp, 1873) n. comb., N. sierrae (Zimmerman, 1985) n. comb., N. subrotundus (Fall, 1923) n. comb., Zaitzevhydrus formaster formaster (Zaitzev, 1908) n. comb., and Z. formaster ulanulana (C.-K. Yang, 1996) n. comb.
TL;DR: The second part of the revision of Deronectes SHARP, 1882, provides synonymy, a key for determination, and descriptions and distributional data for the species of the D. parvicollis-group.
Abstract: The second part of the revision of Deronectes SHARP, 1882, provides synonymy, a key for determination, and descriptions and distributional data for the species of the D. parvicollis-group. This group is divided into the D. parvicollis-, D. afghanicus-, D. longipesand D. y'aec7z/-subgroups. Fourteen species are described as new: Deronectes balkei sp.n., Deronectes bilioni sp.n., Deronectes brancuccii sp.n., Deronectes elmii sp.n., Deronectes hendrichi sp.n., and Deronectes youngi sp.n. from Iran, Deronectes danielssoni sp.n. and Deronectes roberti sp.n. from Afghanistan, Deronectes evelynae sp.n. and Deronectes hebaueri sp.n. from Turkey, Deronectes riberai sp.n. from Turkey and Iraq, Deronectes kinzelbachi sp.n. from Turkey and Syria, Deronectes palaestinus sp.n. from Syria, and Deronectes bameuli sp.n. from Pakistan. Therefore genus Deronectes now contains 53 species in total. Deronectes parvicollis (SCHAUM, 1864) is newly recorded from Macedonia, Armenia, Georgia and Iran, and Deronectes abnormicollis SEMENOW, 1900, is recorded from China for the first time (see also FERY & BRANCUCCI 1997: 220). The females of Deronectes jaechi WEWALKA, 1989, Deronectes persicus PESCHET, 1914, and Deronectes vestitus (GEBLER, 1848) are described for the first time.