TL;DR: Based on a content analysis of city web sites and a survey of web development officials, the authors shows that many cities are already moving toward this new paradigm, and they emphasize external collaboration and networking in the development process rather than technocracy.
Abstract: The Internet provides a powerful tool for reinventing local governments. It encourages transformation from the traditional bureaucratic paradigm, which emphasizes standardization, departmentalization, and operational cost-efficiency, to the “e-government” paradigm, which emphasizes coordinated network building, external collaboration, and customer services. Based on a content analysis of city Web sites and a survey of Web development officials, this article shows that many cities are already moving toward this new paradigm. These cities have adopted “onestop shopping” and customer-oriented principles in Web design, and they emphasize external collaboration and networking in the development process rather than technocracy. The article also analyzes the socioeconomic and organizational factors that are related to cities' progressiveness in Web development and highlights future challenges in reinventing government through Internet technology.
TL;DR: The Invisibility of Departments Historical Background - From Realm to Realms The Departmental Plan The New Organisation of the High School Subject Divisions Specialist Divisions The Study Context and Design of the Study The Schools Oak Valley High School Rancho High School Highlander High School Boundaries and Barriers Boundary Strengths Breaking Barriers at Rancho Drawing Boundaries - Communication Cliques Social Worlds Looking for Community The Individuals Involved Departments as Social Worlds Different Kinds of Community Power and Politics Norms of Silence and Political Language Privileged Position of Academic Subjects Relative Privilege Among Academic S
Abstract: The Invisibility of Departments Historical Background - From Realm to Realms The Departmental Plan The New Organisation of the High School Subject Divisions Specialist Divisions The Study Context and Design of the Study The Schools Oak Valley High School Rancho High School Highlander High School Boundaries and Barriers Boundary Strengths Breaking Barriers at Rancho Drawing Boundaries - Communication Cliques Social Worlds Looking for Community The Individuals Involved Departments as Social Worlds Different Kinds of Community Power and Politics Norms of Silence and Political Language Privileged Position of Academic Subjects Relative Privilege Among Academic Subejcts Micro-politics Inside Departments How the Subject Matters Subject Cultures Subject Differences Social Studies English Math Science Underlining Differences Departmental Differences implications for Policy.
TL;DR: In the early 1980s, Pfeffer as mentioned in this paper first introduced the term political skill to the scholarly literature, as part of his political perspective on organizations, which essentially was structural in nature (e.g., created by departmentalization, division of labor), was perceived to be a resource, and was acquired, used, and developed through the use of tactics and strategies of organizational politics.
Abstract: In the early 1980s, Pfe¦er (1981) ¢rst introduced the term political skill to
the scholarly literature, as part of his political perspective on organizations.
His approach to power essentially was structural in nature (e.g., created by
the departmentalization, division of labor), was perceived to be a resource,
and was acquired, used, and developed through the use of tactics and strategies of organizational politics. Pfe¦er conceived of political skill as an
individual characteristic that could be employed to e¦ectively demonstrate
political behavior to acquire or develop structurally determined power.
TL;DR: Exploring the strengths and weaknesses of three alternative bases for systems staff departmentalization suggests the benefits of an organizational form in which maintenance is separate from new system development.
Abstract: Exploring the strengths and weaknesses of three alternative bases for systems staff departmentalization suggests the benefits of an organizational form in which maintenance is separate from new system development.
TL;DR: The authors summarized some of the major contributions of this new research to ongoing debates concerning grade span, school size, grouping, departmentalization, curriculum, instruction, advisory groups, interdisciplinary teaming, school-transition activities, extra-help programs, and student evaluation practices in the middle grades.
Abstract: After years of neglect, middle level schools and their students are finally receiving serious and sustained attention from mainstream educational researchers from diverse disciplines and backgrounds. Consequently, the volume and quality of useful research are increasing. In this article, we summarize some of the major contributions of this new research to ongoing debates concerning grade span, school size, grouping, departmentalization, curriculum, instruction, advisory groups, interdisciplinary teaming, school-transition activities, extra-help programs, and student evaluation practices in the middle grades. This new research has given a clearer picture than ever before concerning the variation among middle level schools in practices and projected trends and has slowly begun to produce converging evidence concerning the likely consequences for students of different practices and program emphases.