TL;DR: The purpose of the present study is to provide norms of the formation of ten permanent teeth, namely, the maxillary incisors and all eight mandibular teeth.
Abstract: Differences in the development among children of the same chronologic age have led to the concept of physiologic age as a means to define progress toward completeness of development or maturity in the individual child. Thus, physiologic age or its frequently used synonyms, biologic and developmental age, are measures for describing the status of an individual child, whereas chronologic or calendric age convey only a rough approximation of this status because of the range in development observed for any given age. Physiologic age is estimated by the maturation of one or more tissue systems, and it is best expressed in terms of each system studied. Maturation is scaled by the occurrence of one or the sequence of multiple events that are irreversible. The dentition is one of the four systems used. The other three developmental indicators refer to bone development, secondary sex characters, and stature or weight. Dental age can be determined by the emergence and by the formation of the teeth. Tooth formation is superior to tooth emergence for assessing dental maturation, because the majority of the teeth can be studied at each examination. In contrast, emergence is only a specific phase of short duration in the continuous process of eruption, rarely observed for more than one or two teeth at a time, if at all. Emergence is also influenced markedly by environmental factors such as loss of deciduous predecessors and the lack of space in the dental arch, explaining some part of the variation in root length at emergence.\" 2 Dental maturation is of particular significance for the timing of growth changes of the dentition in the living3 and for aging skeletal specimens when only jaws remain.4 Nevertheless, inferences of somatic maturation from either tooth formation or tooth emergence should be made with caution, because the relation of dental development and somatic development, as estimated from bone formation in the handwrist region and the appearance of secondary sex characteristics, is not, as yet, fully explored.5 In general, a low-to-medium degree of association exists for all maturity indicators, but during the adolescent growth phase, the measures of somatic development are more highly correlated.6 The purpose of the present study is to provide norms of the formation of ten permanent teeth, namely, the maxillary incisors and all eight mandibular teeth. The
TL;DR: Wound healing subsequent to injury response of oral tissues to trauma mediators of hard tissue resorption classification, aetiology and epidemiology child abuse examination and diagnosis of dental injuries, and prognosis of traumatic dental injuries.
Abstract: Wound healing subsequent to injury response of oral tissues to trauma mediators of hard tissue resorption classification, aetiology and epidemiology child abuse examination and diagnosis of dental injuries crown fractures crown-root fractures root fractures luxation injuries avulsions injuries to the supporting bone injuries to developing teeth soft tissue injuries endodontic management of traumatized teeth orthodontic management of the traumatized dentition restoration of traumatized teeth with composites resin-retained bridges in the anterior region conventional bridges in the anterior region antotransplantation of the teeth to the anterior region implants in the anterior region prevention of dental and oral injuries prognosis of traumatic dental injuries.
TL;DR: In this article, the prevalence of dental agenesis differs by continent and gender: the prevalence for both sexes was higher in Europe (males 4.6%; females 6.3%).
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To gain more insight into the prevalence of dental agenesis. METHODS: Data from Caucasian populations in North America, Australia and Europe were included in a meta-analysis. For the prevalence of African American, Chinese and Arab groups only indications could be reported because of a limited number of studies. RESULTS: Agenesis differs by continent and gender: the prevalence for both sexes was higher in Europe (males 4.6%; females 6.3%) and Australia (males 5.5%; females 7.6%) than for North American Caucasians (males 3.2%; females 4.6%). In addition, the prevalence of dental agenesis in females was 1.37 times higher than in males. The mandibular second premolar was the most affected tooth, followed by the maxillary lateral incisor and the maxillary second premolar. The occurrence of dental agenesis was divided into three main groups: common (P2(i) > I2(s) > P2(s)), less common (I1(i) > I2(i) & P1(s) > C(s) & M2(i)) and rare (M2(s) & M1(s) > C(i) > M1(i) & I1(s)). Unilateral occurrence of dental agenesis is more common than bilateral occurrence. However, bilateral agenesis of maxillary lateral incisors is more common than unilateral agenesis. The overall prevalence of agenesis in the maxilla is comparable with that in the mandible, but a marked difference was found between both jaws regarding tooth type. Absence of one or two permanent teeth is found in 83% of the subjects with dental agenesis. A practical application of the results of the meta-analysis is the estimation of dental treatment need.
TL;DR: Boys showed more frequent injuries to permanent teeth compared to girls, whereas in the primary dentition only a slight sex difference was found, and individuals showing traumatic injuries to primary teeth did not exhibit a significantly higher frequency of injuries in the permanent dentition compared to a group with no history of traumatic injuriesto primary teeth.
TL;DR: Jernvall et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the role of Homeobox genes in the initiation and shape of teeth during development in mammalian embryos and found that they are involved in odontoblast terminal differentiation and dentinogenesis.
Abstract: Part I. Genes, Molecules and Tooth Initiation: 1. Homeobox genes in initiation and shape of teeth during development in mammalian embryos Paul T. Sharpe 2. Return of lost structure in the developmental control of tooth shape Jukka Jernvall and Irma Thesleff 3. Molecules implicated in odontoblast terminal differentiation and dentinogenesis J. V. Ruch and H. Lesot 4. Enamel biomineralization: the assembly and disassembly of the protein extracellular organic matrix Alan G. Fincham, Janet Moradian-Oldak, Michael L. Paine, Malcolm L. Snead and Margarita Zeichner-David Part II. Tooth Tissues: Development and Evolution: 5. Evolutionary origins of dentine in the fossil record of early vertebrates: diversity, development and function Moya Smith and Ivan Sansom 6. Pulpo-dentinal interactions in development and repair of dentine Tony Smith 7. Prismless enamel in amniotes: terminology, function and evolution P. Martin Sander 8. Two different strategies in enamel differentiatioerentiation: marsupialia versus eutheria W. von Koenigswald 9. Incremental markings in enamel and dentine: what they can tell us about the way teeth grow M. C. Dean Part III. Evolution of Tooth Shape and Dentition: 10. Evolutionary origins of teeth and jaws: developmental models and phylogenetic patterns M. M. Smith and M. I. Coates 11. Development and evolution of dentition patterns and their genetic basis Z. Zhao, K. M. Weiss and D. W. Stock 12. Evolution of tooth attachment in lower vertebrates to tetrapods P. Gaengler 13. Tooth replacement patterns in non-mammalian vertebrates B. K. Berkovitz 14. The evolution of tooth shape and tooth function in primates P. M. Butler 15. 'Schultz's Rule' and the evolution of tooth emergence and replacement patterns in primates and ungulates B. H. Smith Part IV. Macrostructure and Function: 16. Developmental plasticity in the dentition of a heterodont polyphyodont fish species A. Huysseune 17. Enamel microporosity and its functional implications R. P. Shellis and G. H. Dibdin 18. Pathways to functional differentiation in mammalian enamel J. M. Rensberger 19. Trends in the evolution of molar crown types in ungulate mammals: evidence from the northern hemisphere J. Jernvall, J. P. Hunter and M. Fortelius 20. Function of postcanine tooth crown shape in mammals P. W. Lucas and C. R. Peters 21. Primate dental functional morphology revisited M. F. Teaford Index.