TL;DR: In this article, the role of public sector support for grant, equity, debt and new forms of crowd funding finance in higher and lower income countries is explored and the authors conclude that a finance ecosystem approach is required that ensures complementary forms of finance for low carbon investment are connected at local, national and international scales.
TL;DR: The late 1980s and early 1990s witnessed far-reaching upheavals in African politics in which the authoritarianism prevailing in many countries came under a concerned challenge from popular movements pressing for greater democracy and accountability.
Abstract: The late 1980s and early 1990s witnessed far-reaching upheavals in African politics in which the authoritarianism prevailing in many countries came under a concerned challenge from popular movements pressing for greater democracy and accountability. Analysts have sought to account for these developments by examining the role of economic factors, the demonstration effect of the transitions in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, and the domestic political circumstances of individual countries. Increasing attention is also being given to the pressure exerted by foreign aid donors through political conditionality, whereby the provision of development assistance is made conditional on political and administrative reforms, and its contribution to the democratisation process in recipient countries. The expectation of the aid donors is that democracy will bring with it better prospects of sustained economic growth by increasing regime accountability and liberalising the policy making environment (Healey et al., 1993).
TL;DR: Based on the Pollution Information Disclosure Index (PITI) of 120 cities in China from 2003 to 2019, spatial data exploratory analysis and dynamic spatial panel model were adopted to analyze the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of EID in China as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this paper, the causes and symptoms of financial vulnerability are distinguished in Asian economies, where the authors attempt to reconcile alternative explanations in a simple framework, and identify the root causes of these problems.
Abstract: There is already a large and growing literature about the financial crises affecting several former star economic performers in Asia. Some analysis have focused on the mismanagement of the structure of foreign debt and economic policies, while others have focused on weaknesses ingrained in the domestic financial and banking sectors of these economies. This paper attempts to reconcile these alternative explanations in a simple framework, where the causes and symptoms of "financial vulnerability" are distinguished.
TL;DR: Duesenberry and Veblen as mentioned in this paper revisited the Demonstration Effect Revisited: The Demonstration effect Revisited. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 1125-1129.
Abstract: (1983). Duesenberry and Veblen: The Demonstration Effect Revisited. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 1125-1129.