Topic
Deformulation
About: Deformulation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 27 publications have been published within this topic receiving 365 citations.
Papers
Book•
11 Mar 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a survey of polymer extraction methods and their application in commercial thermoplastics, Rubbers, and Thermosetting resins, as well as a vision for the future of polymer technology.
Abstract: Foreword.Preface.About the Author.Acknowledgements.Chapter 1: Introduction.1.1 Additives.1.2 Plastics formulations .1.3 Economic impact of polymer additives.1.4 Analysis of plastics.1.5 Bibliography.1.6 References.Chapter 2: Deformulation Principles.2.1 Polymer identification.2.2 Additive analysis of rubbers: 'Best Practice'.2.3 Polymer extract analysis.2.4 In situ polymer/additive analysis.2.5 Class-specific polymer/additive analysis.2.6 Bibliography.2.7 References.Chapter 3: Sample Preparation Perspectives.3.1 Solvents.3.2 Extraction strategy.3.3 Conventional extraction technologies.3.4 High-pressure solvent extraction methods.3.5 Sorbent extraction.3.6 Methodological comparison of extraction methods.3.7 Polymer/additive dissolution methods.3.8 Hydrolysis.3.9 Bibliography.3.10 References.Chapter 4: Separation Techniques.4.1 Analytical detectors.4.2 Gas chromatography.4.3 Supercritical fluid chromatography.4.4 Liquid chromatography techniques.4.5 Capillary electrophoretic techniques.4.6 Bibliography.4.7 References.Chapter 5: Polymer/Additive Analysis: The Spectroscopic Alternative.5.1 Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry.5.2 Infrared spectroscopy.5.3 Luminescence spectroscopy.5.4 High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.5.5 Bibliography.5.6 References.Chapter 6: Organic Mass-Spectrometric Methods.6.1 Basic instrumentation.6.2 Ion sources.6.3 Mass analysers.6.4 Direct mass-spectrometric polymer compound analysis.6.5 Ion mobility spectrometry.6.6 Bibliography.6.7 References.Chapter 7: Multihyphenation and Multidimensionality in Polymer/Additive Analysis.7.1 Precolumn hyphenation.7.2 Coupled sample preparation - spectroscopy/spectrometry.7.3 Postcolumn hyphenation.7.4 Multidimensional chromatography.7.5 Multidimensional spectroscopy.7.6 Bibliography.7.7 References.Chapter 8: Inorganic and Element Analytical Methods.8.1 Element analytical protocols.8.2 Sample destruction for classical elemental analysis.8.3 Analytical atomic spectrometry.8.4 X-ray spectrometry.8.5 Inorganic mass spectrometry.8.6 Radioanalytical and nuclear analytical methods.8.7 Electroanalytical techniques.8.8 Solid-state speciation analysis.8.9 Bibliography.8.10 References.Chapter 9: Direct Methods of Deformulation of Polymer/Additive Dissolutions.9.1 Chromatographic methods.9.2 Spectroscopic techniques.9.3 Mass-spectrometric methods.9.4 References.Chapter 10: A Vision for the Future.10.1 Trends in polymer technology.10.2 Trends in additive technology.10.3 Environmental, legislative and regulatory constraints.10.4 Analytical consequences.10.5 Epilogue.10.6 Bibliography.10.7 References.Appendix I: List of Symbols.Appendix II: Functionality of Common Additives Used in Commercial Thermoplastics, Rubbers and Thermosetting Resins.Appendix III: Specimen Polymer Additives Product Sheets.Index.
120 citations
5 May 1995
70 citations
TL;DR: Two real world examples demonstrate that MALDI, ESI MS, and MS/MS should be seriously considered as an integrated component of an overall polyol characterization program in product failure analysis and deformulation.
44 citations
TL;DR: The results show that the process does not alter the conformation of IFN alpha-2 and that the optimal pH for deformulation is 4.0 +/- 0.5, and the applicability of NMR to assess the structure of protein therapeutics is demonstrated.
38 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an ultrasonic bath extraction and recovery of the phosphite ester, Irgafos 168, using various extraction solvents in high density polyethylene (HDPE) was presented.
Abstract: The extraction and quantitation of polymer additives continues to be a very important procedure in polymer deformulation. We have previously shown ultrasonic and microwave oven techniques to extract out antioxidants and slip agents from polyolefins in much less time than conventional methods such as Soxhlet extraction. The ability to reproducibly extract these materials out of polymer matrices at a high level (> 90%) is desirable to ensure that the correct amount of material is in the formulation to afford the necessary protection during processing and end use. This paper will emphasize the ultrasonic bath extraction and recovery of the phosphite ester, Irgafos 168, using various extraction solvents in high density polyethylene (HDPE). The phosphite esters will hydrolyze in extraction solvents containing alcohols (such as isopropanol, a common polyolefin extraction solvent), and also will undergo hydrolysis during the reverse phase gradient LC run if exposed to water for too long a period. The hy...
25 citations
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