TL;DR: In the Beginning Was the Deed: Realism and Moralism in Political Argument by Bernard Williams, edited by Geoffrey Hawthorn as discussed by the authors, is a collection of essays written by Williams that have important implications for politics and political theory.
Abstract: In the Beginning Was the Deed: Realism and Moralism in Political Argument. Collected essays by Bernard Williams, edited by Geoffrey Hawthorn. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005. 196p. $29.95. As the editor reminds us, until the early eighties Bernard Williams's very strong reputation was primarily as a moral philosopher (albeit he also contributed valuable work in epistemology). It was clear, however, that his views had important implications for politics and political theory (no more so than in the superb essay “The Idea of Equality,” the one earlier essay reprinted in this collection). And beginning in the eighties, perhaps influenced by his friendship with Isaiah Berlin and the influence of the latter upon his thinking, Williams focused his thinking increasingly both on quite practical politics and on major issues in political theory. His interest in moral questions never waned, but his reflections concerning them almost always made connections to political and/or political theoretical issues.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the role of interpretation in the making of refugee law in the GATT/WTO: Making General Exceptions, and the practice of interpretative lawmaking in practice of interpretation.
Abstract: 1. In the Beginning was the Deed 2. The Practice of Interpretation: Theoretical Perspectives 3. UNHCR and the Making of Refugee Law 4. Adjudication in the GATT/WTO: Making General Exceptions 5. Lawmaking in the Practice of Interpretation: Normative Twists 6. Epilogue: In the End there is Eternity
TL;DR: The Whanganui River in New Zealand will be granted legal personhood status by the Treaty of Waitangi Treaty of New Zealand as discussed by the authors, and the river's legal personality has created a new category of legal person beyond the natural person and the corporation.
Abstract: The Whanganui River in New Zealand will be granted legal personhood status when the Whanganui Iwi Deed of Settlement is passed into law. The river's transformation from property to a legal person has reconceptualised the legal person. It has pushed the boundaries of our understanding of what is regarded as property and what is not. This article examines the transformation of the river from property to an entity with legal personhood status and discusses how the river's legal personality has created a new category of legal person beyond the natural person and the corporation. First, the article discusses how the river's new legal personhood status challenges the anthropocentric view that the legal person should be confined to humans, and argues that because the legal person is a legal fiction it can be applied to nonhuman beings also. Second, the article discusses how society's values dictate what is given legal personhood status and what is seen as property. Third, it argues that the traditional Maori relationship to the river is responsible for the change in society's values and demonstrates how the Maori worldview characterises the legal personality of the river. Fourth, the article discusses the concept of corporate personality in an attempt to define the river's new legal personhood. Finally, the article considers whether the river's personhood status, capable of having rights and duties, will have sufficient strength to prevail over any other property interests in the river.
TL;DR: Simulation results show that DEED is well solved by the proposed method as a set of widely distributed Pareto-optimal solutions can be obtained and that GSOMP has better convergence performance than MOPSO and NSGA-II and consumes much less time than NS GA-II.