Data-dependent jitter

Abstract: A novel approach to equalization of high-speed serial links combines both amplitude pre-emphasis to correct for intersymbol interference and phase pre-emphasis to compensate for deterministic jitter, in particular, data-dependent jitter. Phase pre-emphasis augments the performance of low power transmitters in bandwidth-limited channels. The transmitter circuit is implemented in a 90-nm bulk CMOS process and reduces power consumption by pushing CMOS static logic to the output stage, a 4:1 output multiplexer. The received signal jitter over a cable is reduced from 16.15 ps to 10.29 ps with only phase pre-emphasis at the transmitter. The jitter is reduced by 3.6 ps over an FR-4 backplane interconnect. A transmitter without phase pre-emphasis consumes 18 mW of power at 6Gb/s and 600mVpp output swing, a power budget of 3mW/Gb/s, while a transmitter with phase pre-emphasis consumes 24mW, a budget of 4 mW/Gb/s.

Abstract: This paper resolves the jitter impairment of non-return-to-zero data in transmission lines. The limited bandwidth of the transmission line introduces data-dependent jitter. Crosstalk between neighbouring lines results in bounded uncorrelated jitter in the data eye. An analytical approach to representing data-dependent jitter and crosstalk-induced bounded uncorrelated jitter is presented. Comparison with jitter measurements of microstrip lines on FR4 board demonstrated accuracy to within 15% of the predictions for deterministic jitter.

Abstract: Chapter 1: Electrical Basics. 1. Time domain and frequency domain. 1.1 What Is The Frequency Domain, Anyway? 1.2 Moving between domains. 1.2.1 The Discrete Fourier Transformation. 1.2.2 Linear Systems. 1.2.3 Non-periodic signals. 1.3 Digital data streams. 1.4 Signal Bandwidth 2. Transmission line theory. 2.1 Low-pass filters. 2.1.1 Rise Times. 2.1.2 Filter Bandwidth, Time Constant, and Rise Time. 2.1.3 Adding Rise Times. 2.1.4 Effects on Signal Propagation. 2.2 Transmission Lines. 2.2.1 Key Parameters of Ideal (Loss-less) Transmission Lines. 2.2.2 Reflections, Timing, and Signal Integrity. 2.2.3 Parasitics in the Transmission Path. 2.2.4 Lumped vs. Distributed Elements. 2.2.5 Lossy Transmission Lines. 2.2.5.1 Ohmic Resistance. 2.2.5.2 Skin Effect and Proximity Effect. 2.2.5.3 Dielectric Losses. 2.2.5.4 Radiation and Induction Losses. 2.2.6 Effects of Parasitics and Losses on Signal Shape and Timing. 2.2.7 Differential Transmission Lines. 2.3 Termination. 2.3.1 Diode clamps. 2.3.2 Current loads (I-loads). 2.3.3 Matched termination (resistive load). 2.3.4 Differential Termination Chapter 2: Measurement Hardware. 1. Oscilloscopes & CO. 1.1 A Short Look on Analog Oscilloscopes. 1.2 Digital Real-Time Sampling Oscilloscopes. 1.3 Digital Equivalent Time Sampling Oscilloscopes. 1.4 Time Stampers. 1.5 Bit Error Rate Testers. 1.6 Digital Testers (Comparators). 1.7 Spectrum Analyzers. 2. Key instrument parameters. 2.1 Analog Bandwidth. 2.2 Digital Bandwidth Nyquist Theorem. 2.3 Time Interval Errors, Time Base Stability. 3. Probes. 3.1 The Ideal Voltage Probe. 3.2 Passive Probes. 3.3 Active Probes. 3.4 Probe Effects on the Signal. 3.4.1 Basic Probe Model. 3.4.2 Probe DC Resistance. 3.4.3 Parasitic Probe Capacitance. 3.4.4 Parasitic Probe Inductance. 3.4.5 Noise Pickup. 3.4.6 Avoiding Pickup from Probe Shield Currents. 3.4.7 Rise Time / Bandwidth. 3.5 Differential Signals. 3.5.1 Probing Differential Signals. 3.5.2 Single-Ended Jitter Measurements on Differential Signals. 3.5.3 Passive Differential Probing. 4. Accessories. 4.1 Cables and Connectors. 4.1.1 Cable Rise Time / Bandwidth. 4.1.2 Skin Effect Compensation. 4.1.3 Dielectric Loss Minimization. 4.1.4 Cable Delay. 4.1.5 Connectors. 4.2 Signal Conditioning. 4.2.1 Splitting and Combining Signals. 4.2.2 Baluns - Conversion between Differential and Single-Ended. 4.2.3 Rise Time Filters. 4.2.4 AC coupling. 4.2.5 Providing Termination Bias. 4.2.6 Attenuators. 4.2.7 Delay Lines. Chapter 3: Timing and Jitter 1. Statistical basics. 1.1 Statistical Parameters. 1.2 Distributions and Histograms. 1.3 Probability Density and Cumulative Density Function. 1.4 The Gaussian Distribution. 1.4.1 Some Fundamental Properties. 1.4.2 How Many Samples Are Enough? 2. Rise time measurements. 2.1 Uncertainty in Thresholds. 2.2 Bandwidth Limitations. 2.3 Insufficient Sample Rate. 2.4 Interpolation Artifacts. 2.5 Smoothing. 2.6 Averaging 3. Understanding jitter. 3.1 What Is Jitter? 3.2 Effects of Jitter - Why Measuring Jitter Is Important. 3.2.1 Definition of the Ideal Position. 3.2.1.1 Data Stream with Separate Clock. 3.2.1.2 Clock-Less Data Stream. 3.2.1.3 Data Stream with Embedded Clock - Clock Recovery. 3.2.1.4 Edge-to-Edge Jitter vs. Edge-to-Reference Jitter. 3.2.1.5 Jitter Trend. 3.3 Jitter Types and Jitter Sources. 3.3.1 CDF and PDF. 3.3.2 Random Jitter. 3.3.3 Noise Creates Jitter. 3.3.4 Noise Types and Noise Sources. 3.3.4.1 Thermal Noise. 3.3.4.2 Shot Noise. 3.3.4.3 1/f Noise. 3.3.4.4 Burst Noise (Popcorn Noise). 3.3.5 Periodic Jitter. 3.3.6 Duty Cycle Distortion. 3.3.7 Data Dependent Jitter. 3.3.8 Duty Cycle and Thermal Effects. 3.3.9 Uncorrelated Deterministic Jitter. 4. Jitter Analysis. 4.1 More Ways to Visualize Jitter. 4.1.1 Bit Error Rates. 4.1.2 Bathtub Curves. 4.1.3 Eye Diagrams and How to Read Them. 4.2 Jitter Extraction and Separation. 4.2.1 Why Analyze Jitter? 4.2.2 Composite Jitter Distributions. 4.2.3 Combining Random and Deterministic Jitter. 4.2.4 Spotting Deterministic Components. 4.2.5 A Word on Test Pattern Generation. 4.2.6 Random Jitter Extraction. 4.2.7 Periodic Jitter Extraction. 4.2.8 Duty Cycle Distortion Extraction. 4.2.9 Data Dependent Jitter Extraction. 4.2.10 Extraction of Duty Cycle Effects. 4.2.11 Uncorrelated Deterministic Jitter. 4.2.12 Commercial Jitter Analysis Software. 4.3 Jitter Performance Prediction (Extrapolation). 4.3.1 Extrapolation of Random Jitter. 4.3.2 Extrapolation of Deterministic Jitter. 4.3.3 Analytical Prediction of Worst-Case Pattern Dependent Errors. Chapter 4: Measurement Accuracy. 1. Specialized Measurement Techniques. 1.1 Equivalent Time Sampling Scopes. 1.1.1 Phase References. 1.1.2 Eliminating Scope Time Base Jitter. 1.1.3 Time Interval Measurements. 1.1.3.1 Time Interval Errors. 1.1.3.2 How to Spot Time Interval Errors. 1.1.3.3 A Method for Sub-Picosecond Time Interval Accuracy. 1.2 Digital Testers and Bit Error Rate Testers. 1.2.1 Edge Searches and Waveform Scans. 1.2.2 Signal Rise Times. 1.2.3 Random and Data Dependent Jitter. 1.2.4 Probability Digitizing. 1.2.5 Spectral Error Density Analysis. 1.3 Spectrum Analyzers. 1.3.1 Periodic Jitter Measurements. 1.3.2 Random Jitter Measurements. 1.3.3 Maximum-Accuracy Phase Jitter Measurements. 2. Digital Signal Processing. 2.1 Averaging. 2.1.1 Noise Reduction. 2.1.2 Improving Timing and Amplitude Resolution. 2.2 Interpolation. 2.3 System De-Embedding References Index

Abstract: An automated, computer-controlled system automatically measures various parameters associated with the transmitter and/or receiver of an electro-optic module. Measured transmitter parameters include transmitter average power, transmitter rise/fall time, transmitter extinction ratio, transmitter duty cycle distortion, and transmitter data dependent jitter. Measured receiver parameters include receiver sensitivity, receiver pulse width distortion, receiver signal detect threshold, and receiver signal detect assert/deassert times.