Abstract: Fruit crop species are from the most widely cultivated crops in Morocco. However, the sustainability of this lucrative business is threatened by infestations of invasive fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) that may inflict heavy economic losses to the country if their invasion occurs. At this time, Medfly is the main fruit fly which causes a high loss and is a phytosanitary concern to fruit species. The distribution and abundance of the major frugivorous tephritids are influenced by host presence, climatic factors, and their potential of invasion. Two types of economic impact of fruit flies are distinguished, direct losses in the yield and indirect losses due to the loss of markets caused by quarantine restrictions imposed by importing countries to prevent the entry of exotic flies in their territory. The most important invasive tephritid fruit flies present in Africa and that may constitute a risk of invasion into Morocco are Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera zonata and Bactrocera cucurbitae. Also, the indigenous species within genera Ceratitis ((Ceratitis quinaria, C. anonae, C. catoirii, C. cosyra, C. silvestrii, C. ditissima, C. fasciventris, C. rosa, C. quilicii) and Dacus (Dacus latifrons, D.vertebratus, D.bivittatus, D.punctatifrons, Dacus ciliates) may present a risk of introduction to Morocco. These fruit fly species are characterized by having a wide range of host plants and a wide distribution throughout Africa. The risk of spread is enhanced by the lack of control and the weakness of the identification process of the present and newly introduced species. This review presents the status and the distribution of major fruit fly species present in Africa, gives an overview of their host plants, new invasions and means of detection and phytosanitary measures to implement in Morocco to avoid any invasion originated from other African countries. Keywords: Africa, Fruit fly, Distribution, host plant, Invasion, biosecurity, and Morocco.

Abstract: Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are major constraints on the production and marketing of fruits in African tropical and subtropical countries. In a perspective to manage these fly pests, an inventory of parasitoids associated with fruit flies was carried out from 2009 to 2011 in southern Togo through various fruit incubations. Nine species of native hymenopteran parasitoids associated with eight fly species belonging to five genera Bactrocera, Ceratitis, Dacus, Trirhithrum and Zeugodacus were recovered. Trichopria sp. (Diapriidae) was the most abundant parasitoid. However, the numbers of Braconidae (Diachasmimorpha fullawayi Silvestri, Fopius caudatus Szepligeti and Asobara sp.), Figitidae (Aganaspis sp.), Pteromalidae (Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae Rondani and Spalangia sp.), Eulophidae (Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri) and Chalcididae (Dirhinus giffardii Silvestri) species were relatively low. The rate of parasitism of different species of recovered parasitoids ranged from 0.6 to 40%. This is an asset for future surveys in the center and northern regions and studies of interactions between fruit flies and their natural enemies in Togo.

Abstract: Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are main pests in fruit and vegetable cultivation. There are 4000 species offruit flies in the world and 35% of them are important pests, including commercial fruits that have high economic value.Merawang District is one of the centers of horticultural production, especially fruits and vegetables. One of the threats to theproduction of horticultural commodities is the attack of fruit flies. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity,distribution, and types of fruit flies in horticultural crops in Merawang Sub-District, Bangka District. The research wasconducted in descriptive method, in this case, the survey method was also used. The sampling was done in purposivesampling method. In total, 1248 specimen of fruit flies were collected by using different attractant traps and identified. Themethyl eugenol (ME) and cue lure (CUE) attractants trapped 1076 and 172 specimens, respectively. The diversity of fruit fliesin Merawang Sub-District was relatively low, in total 9 species fruit flies were observed and identified as Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel), B. umbrosa (Fabricius), B. carambolae (Drew & Hancock), B. occipitalis (Bezzi), Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett),B. albistrigata (de Meijer), Z. caudata (Fabricius), B. limbifera (Bezzi), and Dacus nanggalae (Drew & Hancock). The speciesdominant observed at the study site were B. dorsalis (Hendel), B. carambolae (Drew & Hancock), and B. occipitalis (Bezzi).Air Anyir Village was the highest number of fruit flies species.

Abstract: We report on the vapor pressures at ambient temperatures of seven attractants of Bactrocera, Dacus, and Zeugodacus fruit flies—raspberry ketone, cuelure, raspberry ketone trifluoroacetate, methyl e...

Abstract: Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are among the main constraints that limit the horticultural production in Sudan. The country has an enormous potential for horticultural production, over its wide range of climatic conditions and diverse ecosystems, but is threatened by an invasion of exotic fruit flies over its borders, due to weak interception and quarantine procedures. Thus, the correct identification of the pest is the first step in a management strategy for fruit flies. This study was carried out in order to produce identification keys for the economic fruit flies found in the Sudan. Intensive searching in the data of the National Insect Collection was carried out to ascertain the taxonomic status of the family Tephritidae (the true fruit flies) and its species of economic importance, among families of the order Diptera (the true flies). Specimens of fruit flies were identified morphologically at the National Insect Collection Unit at the Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC) and Faculty of Agriculture Biology Laboratory. The morphological identification of African tephritid fruit flies largely depends on the use of classical single-entry (dichotomous) keys. Taxonomic keys for the family Tephritidae and its genera were prepared, following the fruit fly taxonomic keys of White and Harris (Fruit flies of economic significance: their identification and bionomics. CAB International, Wallingford, 601 pp, 1992), De Meyer and Copeland (Taxonomic notes on the Afrotropical subgenera Ceratitis (Acroptromma) Bezzi and C. (Holpolophomiya) Bezzi (Diptera: Tephritide). Cimbebasia 17:77–84, 2001), and Billah (2005). As a result, six taxonomic keys for fruit flies were prepared: an introductory key to the family Tephritidae; and a key to the economic genera of Tephritidae, including Ceratitis spp., Dacus spp., Bactrocera spp. and Carpomya spp. from Sudan.

Abstract: Fruit flies are the main constraints that limit horticultural production in Sudan. More than 39 fruit fly species have been sampled by the Insect Museum of the Agricultural Research Corporation since the early nineteenth century. Studies from 2008 to 2017 have reported 19 species of economic importance. The situation regarding fruit flies worsened after the invasion of Sudan by the alien invasive species, Bactrocera dorsalis, in 2005 and by B. zonata in 2012. A competitive displacement was noticed between B. dorsalis and the species of the genus Ceratitis MacLeay, later also reported between B. zonata and B. dorsalis on mango and guava, mainly. Several host plants were reported to attract various species of fruit flies. Species of genera Bactrocera Macquart, Ceratitis MacLeay, and Dacus Fabricius responded positively to food bait attractants, mainly Torula and Mazoferm. More than ten local attractants are comparable with standard attractants and are capable of attracting both sexes of different fruit flies species. Male annihilation was the only governmental control option applied, countrywide, to control B. dorsalis for 12 years, and lately B. zonata, although resistance of the latter species to Malathion (an insecticide applied with Methyl eugenol) has been recently reported. The integration of different control measures, including cultural practices, the use of food-based attractants, the utilisation of biocontrol agents, and the application of post-harvest techniques, are suggested for application in an eco-friendly management approach.

Abstract: Dacus mochii Bezzi, 1917 Dacus mochii was described from Eritrea, but the type specimens were lost. White (2006) placed it in synonymy with D. annulatus Becker, based on the similarity of the original description. Subsequently, White & Goodger (2009) reported a specimen from Ethiopia, which was clearly not D. annulatus, but was a good match to the description of D. mochii, which they then removed from synonymy. Amongst the material examined here, there was a male specimen from Kloto, Togo (Mar. 2006, leg. G. Goergen), which is very similar to the D. mochii from Ethiopia, except that it has pallid face spots. Togo is a considerable westward expansion of the known distribution of a species otherwise known only from a restricted area of East Africa. Since it concerns a single specimen whose identity is uncertain, we excluded it from the richness analysis.

Abstract: The male fruit fly attractants, cue-lure (CL) and raspberry ketone (RK), are important in pest management. These volatile phenylbutanoids occur in daciniphilous Bulbophyllum Thouar (Orchidaceae: Asparagales) orchids, along with zingerone (ZN) and anisyl acetone (AA). While these four compounds attract a similar range of species, their relative attractiveness to multiple species is unknown. We field tested these compounds in two fruit fly speciose locations in north Queensland, Australia (Lockhart and Cairns) for 8 wk. Of 16 species trapped in significant numbers, 14 were trapped with CL and RK, all in significantly greater numbers with CL traps than RK traps (at least in higher population locations). This included the pest species Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) (CL catches ca. 5× > RK), Bactrocera neohumeralis (Hardy) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Bactrocera bryoniae (Tryon) (Diptera: Tephritidae) (CL catches ca. 3× > RK), and Bactrocera frauenfeldi (Schiner) (Diptera: Tephritidae) (in Cairns—CL catches ca. 1.6× > RK). Seven species were trapped with AA, and all were also caught in CL and RK traps in significantly greater numbers, with the exception of B. frauenfeldi. For this species, catches were not statistically different with CL, RK, and AA in Lockhart, and RK and AA in Cairns. Seven species were trapped with ZN, two at this lure only, and the remainder also with CL or RK but in significantly greater numbers. This is the first quantitative comparison of the relative attractiveness of CL, RK, AA, and ZN against multiple species, and supports the long-held but untested assumption that CL is broadly more attractive lure than RK.

Abstract: Dacus pleuralis Collart, 1935 Among the material examined was a male specimen collected at Ibadan, Nigeria (4-8 Dec. 2003, cue lure traps, leg. G. Goergen), in addition to the male specimen studied earlier (White & Goodger 2009). It shows some morphological deviation from the earlier collected specimen and from the type material as redescribed in White (2006): the xanthines (katatergite and anatergite) are fused, while in the typical D. pleuralis the xanthines are clearly separated. The anterior supra-alar seta is absent or vestigial while well developed in the typical D. pleuralis. These differences, however, appear to be intraspecific variation and do not warrant separate description.

Abstract: Fruit flies are significant insect pests, worldwide. Tephritid species diversity and their seasonal abundance were investigated over 2 yr (May 2017 to May 2019) in Western Burkina Faso. A mass trapping experiment consisting of 288TephriTrap types, operating with four types of parapheromones comprising methyl eugenol, terpinyl acetate, trimedlure, and cue lure and an insecticide (Dichlorvos), was used for attracting and killing insects. Plant formations including natural fallows, mango orchards, and agroforestry parks in each of the six study sites were selected for data collection.Twenty-nine tephritid species belonging to 10 genera were identified. Fourteen fruit fly species were identified for the first time in Burkina Faso. The genera Ceratitis MacLeay (Diptera:Tephritidae) and Dacus Fabricius (Diptera:Tephritidae) with, respectively, 14 and 7 species recorded were the most represented. The dominant species caught was the invasive Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae) followed by Ceratitis cosyraWalker (Diptera:Tephritidae) and Ceratitis silvestrii Bezzi (Diptera:Tephritidae).The fruit fly population density was very high during the rainy season, with peaks occurring in June or July.The fruit fly species were generally more abundant during the hot and rainy seasons than during the cold and dry seasons. The highest diversity was recorded in natural fallows, as compared with the mango orchards and agroforestry parks. Tephritid species found refuge in the mango orchards during the dry and cold periods.The results of that investigation may be used for developing a sustainable pest management strategy for commercial orchards.