Abstract: Male fruit fly attractants, cue-lure (CL) and methyl eugenol (ME), are important in the monitoring and control of pest fruit fly species. Species respond to CL or ME but not both, and there are conflicting reports on whether combining CL (or its hydroxy analogue raspberry ketone) and ME decreases their attractiveness to different species. Fruit fly monitoring programs expend significant effort using separate CL and ME traps and avoiding lure cross-contamination, and combining the two lures in one trap would create substantial savings. To determine if combining lures has an inhibitory effect on trap catch, CL and ME wicks placed in the same Steiner trap were field tested in comparison to CL alone and ME alone in Australia and Papua New Guinea (PNG). In Australia, 24 out of 27 species trapped were significantly more attracted to CL or ME alone than the combination ME/CL lure, including the pests Bactrocera bryoniae (Tryon), B. frauenfeldi (Schiner), B. kraussi (Hardy), B. neohumeralis (Hardy), B. tryoni (Froggatt) (CL-responsive), and B. musae (Tryon) (ME-responsive). In PNG, 13 out of 16 species trapped were significantly more attracted to CL or ME alone than the ME/CL combination, including the pests B. bryoniae, B. frauenfeldi, B. neohumeralis, B. trivialis (Drew), Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) (CL-responsive) and B. dorsalis (Hendel), B. musae, and B. umbrosa (Fabricius) (ME-responsive). This study shows that combining CL and ME in the one trap in equal parts significantly reduces catches of most species of Dacini fruit flies in Australia and PNG.

Abstract: A fruit fly survey in the Sinharaja and Knuckles National Parks in Sri Lanka (2016), using traps baited with the male lures methyl eugenol, cue-lure, and zingerone, yielded 21 species of Dacini fruit flies. Of these, three species, viz. Bactroceraamarambalensis Drew, B.dongnaiae Drew & Romig, and B.rubigina (Wang & Zhao), are new country occurrence records, and Dacus (Mellesis) ancoralis Leblanc & Doorenweerd, sp. n. is described as a new species. The Sri Lankan Dacini fruit fly fauna is now comprised of 39 species.

Abstract: Recent snap-shot surveys for fruit flies in Vietnam in 2015 and 2017 using traps baited with the male Dacinae fruit fly lures methyl eugenol, cue-lure and zingerone, collected 56 species, including 11 new country records and another 11 undescribed species, four of which are described in this paper. This increases the number of described species known to occur in Vietnam from 78 to 93. Species accumulation curves, based on the Chao 2 mean estimate, suggest that we collected 60-85 % of the local fauna at the sites sampled, and that species diversity decreases with increasing latitude. The four new species are named: Bactrocera (Tetradacus) ernesti Leblanc & Doorenweerd sp. n., B. (Asiadacus) connecta Leblanc & Doorenweerd sp. n., B. (Parazeugodacus) clarifemur Leblanc & Doorenweerd sp. n., and B. (Bactrocera) adamantea Leblanc & Doorenweerd sp. n. In addition to morphological data COI DNA sequence data of both the COI-5P and COI-3P mitochondrial DNA gene regions is provided. Three of the four newly described species are morphologically and genetically easily distinguished from all other members of Dacini. Bactroceraclarifemur sp. n. is superficially similar to B.pendleburyi (Perkins) based on morphology, but there are several apomorphic characters to distinguish the two. Both COI and a segment of the nuclear gene Elongation Factor 1 alpha separate the two species as well.

Abstract: The present study was conducted from May, 2015 to May, 2017 to identify the Dacine fruit fly species present in Tripura, N.E. India. Para-pheromone traps (cue-lure and methyl-eugenol) and food bait traps were used to catch the Dacine fruit flies. Twenty species of Dacine fruit flies have been recorded form this North-Eastern state of India. Among these, 11 species are new records for the state and 6 species, namely Bactrocera nigrifacia, B. rubigina, B. tuberculata, B. bogorensis, B. vulta and B. apicalis) are new records for India. Taxonomic keys and coloured photo graphs for identification of these fruit flies

Abstract: Dahi is one of the oldest fermented milk products and is the most popular one in the Indian subcontinent. This product is known by different names in different countries of the world. In European countries, it is known as yogurt in the Middle Eastern countries the product has different names such as ‘leben’ in Egypt, ‘Albany’ in Syria and ‘Dahi’ in the Indian subcontinent. About 7% of the total milk production in India and 4% of the total production of Pakistan and Bangladesh is converted to Dahi for consumption.1 Many people of Bangladesh lead their livelihood by rearing cattle.2 Milking cow is an important asset for farmers for earning money by selling milk and milk products which helps to reduce their poverty.3–5 The dairy farmers of riverine island (char) areas are dependent on their milking cows.6,7 In the developing countries of Asia and Africa, yogurt is more likely to be produced as naturally soured milk and to be consumed by the adult more than fresh whole milk. It is generally considered as a safer product and its unique flavor carrot to so many that considerations are being given by nutritionists to incorporate inexpensive sources of nutrients. Different types of Dahi such as sweet Dahi, sour Dahi and flavored Dahi are found in the market. Sweet Dahi is generally prepared from a mixed culture of S. lactis, S. thermaphilus and S. citrophilus and sugar is usually added@8-12% volume of milk. The fermented products have therapeutic properties and high nutritive value. Flavoured Dahi is made by the addition of synthetic flavor or natural fruit juice (Table 1). Table 1 Composition of natural yogurt

Abstract: Samples of Cucurbit fly (Dacus ciliates, Loew) were collected from the fields of many village for three province Duhok, Erbil and Sulaimaniyah /Kurdistan region, Iraq during period15/9-1/12/2017. Samples were collected during morning continued to the afternoon on squash fields. Morphological features of the species were illustrated. The Dacus ciliates specimens recorded for the first time in Iraq, as a new genus and species.

Abstract: Male fruit fly attractants – cue-lure and methyl eugenol (ME) – have been used successfully for decades in the monitoring and control of species of Dacini (Dacinae) fruit flies (Bactrocera, Zeugodacus and Dacus). However, many species, including several pests, are non-responsive to these lures. Field tests of new compounds are therefore worthwhile, particularly in areas of high species diversity where multiple species attractions can provide additional information on lure function. Recent field tests of new male attractants (isoeugenol, dihydroeugenol, methyl-isoeugenol and zingerone) and food- and host-based lures (cucumber volatile blend and Cera Trap®) in Australia resulted in discoveries of lure responses for ‘non-responsive’ species. In this study, these new lures were field tested for the first time in Papua New Guinea (PNG) for attractiveness to ‘non-responsive’ species, including the guava pest Bactrocera obliqua and cucurbit pests Zeugodacus atrisetosus and Z. decipiens. Testing was conducted in the National Capital District (NCD) and Kerevat on the island province of East New Britain. Of the ‘non-responsive’ pest species, B. obliqua was trapped three times at isoeugenol and once at methyl-isoeugenol. This is the first record of B. obliqua responding to male lures. Zeugodacus decipiens was significantly attracted to Cera Trap. Five undescribed species responded to zingerone and one to the eugenol analogues. The ME-responsive B. musae and B. umbrosa responded differently to the three eugenol analogues in Kerevat and NCD, with both species responding more strongly to methyl-isoeugenol in NCD, although their response to ME was similar in both locations. Intraspecific differences in lure response were also noted between this study and that recorded previously in other countries. The cue-responsive B. frauenfeldi, B. neohumeralis and Dacus axanus were previously trapped at zingerone in Australia, and the ME-responsive B. dorsalis was trapped at zingerone in Malaysia, but these species, while caught at their respective lures, were not recorded at zingerone in this study. The findings from this study have implications for quarantine monitoring for the ‘non-responsive’ B. obliqua and Z. decipiens in Australia, highlight that there may be intraspecific variation in male lure response and provide further information on these novel male lures' activity.

Abstract: The genera Anastrepha, Bactrocera, Ceratitis, Dacus and Rhagoletis in the family Tephritidae order Diptera are economically important, worldwide distributed and cause damage to a large number of commercially produced fruits and vegetables. China had regulated these five genera as quarantine pests, including the species Carpomya vesuviana. An accurate molecular method not depending on morphology able to detect all the quarantine fruit flies simultaneously is required for quarantine monitoring. This study contributes a comparative analysis of 146 mitochondrial genomes of Diptera species and found variable sites at the mt DNA cox2 gene only conserved in economically important fruit flies species. Degenerate primers (TephFdeg/TephR) were designed specific for the economically important fruit flies. A 603 bp fragment was amplified after testing each of the 40 selected representative species belonging to each economically important Tephritid genera, no diagnostic fragments were detected/amplified in any of the other Tephritidae and Diptera species examined. PCR sensitivity assays demonstrated the limit of detection of targeted DNA was 0.1 ng/μl. This work contributes an innovative approach for detecting all reported economically important fruit flies in a single-step PCR specific for reported fruit fly species of quarantine concern in China.