Abstract: Fruit flies belongs the genus Bactrocea, Ceratitis Capitata. Mediterranean fruit fly belongs to genera Dacus and group Bactrocera. So far 200 species of fruit flies under 71 genera, 13 tribes and 4 subfamilies are known. All these flies can be identified through a dichotomous key running in 202 couplets. Fruit flies belong to Anastrepha ( 8species), Bactrocera (30 species), Ceratitis (7species), Dirioxa (2 species and Toxotrypana ( one specie). All Dacus species attack on mango placed under genus Bactrocera.. The order of important of fruit flies are as under: • Dacus Ferrugincus Flo • Dacus Zonatus Sound. • Dacus diversus coq. Although Dacus Cucurbitae coq also present in Sindh but it is less important. The tephritidae family of Dipterous is insects like fruit fly .Lower Sindh has decus Zonalus, Saunders fly. The upper Sindh and the Northern Pakistan have this and another fly Docus Dorsalis Henpd. Fruit fly damage is different rate, and action on different mangoes varieties. In Dashchasri it cause 3.6 to 10% damage while in Bagun phali it causes more than 80% damage. It major hosts are: Avocado, apple, banana, guava, grapefruit, lemon, peaches and mangoes (E.S.C.Smith, 1986) mulberry, orange, , fig, vegetable , gourds namely marrow, sponge gourd, bitter guard ,musk melon, plum, loquat, melon and tomatoes General Of 128 species of fruit fly identified 98 species found in India and Pakistan are: • Bactrocera ( Bactroceral dorsalis (Hendal) it is also called Oriental fruit fly. • B(Bactrocera ) Zonata fly (Saunderas) • B.(Hemigymnocus) Diversa (Coquillett) • B.Hageni ( de Mejere) • B.(Zeugodacus ) cucurbitae (Coquillelt) • B.(Zeugodacus ) tau (walker) • Dacus corectus (Bezzil) • D.Incisus (Walker) (Kapoor.V.C.1970) Out of 200 species, only 9 are known to cause economic losses to our fruits, vegetables, ornamental and oilseed plants. 48 species of fruit flies attack mangoes and a related species. Dacus Ferrugineus This fruit fly egg size is 0.1 x 0.2 mm. The full grown larva is 8.97 x 1.74mm.Pupa is about 5.57 x 2.28 mm. The female deposits 4-13 eggs in single puncture 1-2mm, below the skin of the fruit. The maggots are full grown in 5-9 days in summer and 9-20 days in autumn. The adult flies live 27-44 days. It passes through 7 generations in a year. Mediterranean fruit fly ( Ceratitis capitata ) attack on fruits and its control in Sindh Pakistan www.ChemLin.com 2 Dacus Zonatus This female fruit flys lay 44-55 eggs, and eggs produce maggots in 2-4 days in summer, 8-9 days in winter. The maggot is fully grown in 7 days in summer and 13-22 days in winter. The pupa stage lasts 8 days, in summer and 20-44 days in winter. The adults live for 37-41 days . The pest remains active about 8-9 generations during this period. Dacus diversus In this fruit fly egg hatch in 3-5 days and maggots get full grown in 8-12 days during summer and 14-21 days in winter . The pupa stage lasts for 8 days in summer and 20-44 days in winter. The adults live 30-43 days. The life cycle is completed in 19-31 days. The pest remains active from March to September. A Dorsalis does not attacks on all cultivars to the same extent (Yee.W.1987) .It is an important pest especially of deciduous fruit trees. ( P.C.Hely ) The female fruit flies insert their eggs beneath the skin of mangoes and around 1200-1500 eggs are lain by B.Dorsalis. The egg period last 2-20 days. Larval and pupa period is 2-4 weeks. Symptoms occur when fruit fly leaves an inconspicuous oviposition site (sting) on the skin of the fruit, when laying eggs. Small white larvae emerge from the egg and consume the fruit flesh. Fruit fly can easily be controlled by commercial orchards by pre-harvest spraying Life history Adult female fly inserts the ovipositor deep in fruit and eggs are deposited in clusters, each cluster have 2-15 eggs. Although 150-200 eggs are laid by female in her life time of about one month ( Ref.Doharey.K.L.1983). on same fruits. Indian journal of entamology 45(4): 406-413pp). The incubation period lasts for 2-3 days during March and April and 24-36 hours throughout the other summer month. The larva period from 6-29 days .The pupa is cylindrical in shape and 4-5 mm long and 2mm broad. The pupa period lasts 6-44 days .. Biochemistry of fruit ripening It is occurs in following sequence. • Respiration and ethylene production. • Peel pigmentation. • Pulp pigmentation. • Texture development • Sugar production • Organic acids formation • Volatiles occurance. Manipulation of the environment to control ripening The following are the methods used commercially (ref. A.P, Medioott and M.J.Jeger) • Temperature • Ethylene • Acetylene • Control atmosphere storage. • Modified atmosphere storage. Mediterranean fruit fly ( Ceratitis capitata ) attack on fruits and its control in Sindh Pakistan www.ChemLin.com 3 • Hypobaric storage. • Waxing. • Irradiation. • Chemical control. Fruit get decayed due to presence of maggots, inside which feed on the pulp, turn itto semiliquid mass and render it unfit for human consumption. (Khawaja Abdul Haq and Muhmmad Akhjtar and Ghulam Dastgir) 30% fruit is attacked by Bactrocera. Dorsalis in July and August in the Punjab ( Syed , R.AA, Ghani, M.A and Murtaza M) Fruit fly Control Preharvest control includes population management ( e.g. release of sterile male fruit flies) and or insecticide application during the period when fruit are susceptible. Population can be monitored by trapping. Harvest mature green fruit. Post-harvest heat treatment are possible alternatives ( Brian B.Beattie, W.Barry Mc Glasson and Neil .L.Wade.) and (V.C.Kapoor 1993). Bactrocera (Bactocera) Zonata (Saunders). Methods to control fruit fly The following are the methods used commercially. • Cultural and Mechanical methods. a) Sanitary methods. b) Chemical methods. • Biological control methods. a) Traps used for catching fruit fly b) Attractant. c) Formula d) Sex hormones e) Chemosterilant. • Chemical control methods.