Abstract: In the second part of .the ongoing survey of fruit fly fauna of Andaman and Nicobar islands (June 1993 to January 1996), six species of dacines belonging to the genus Bactrocera Macquart are added. Of the two undescribed species recorded, one was reared from Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour) Spreng and Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. (Cucurbitaceae) and the other was caught in methyl eugenol traps. Additional host records of Bactrocera (Bactrocera) carambolae Drew & Hancock and Bactrocera (Bactrocera) albistrigata (de Meijere) are included in this paper. Genus Bactrocera Macquart of Dacinae includes many destructive fruit fly species which attack a wide range of fruits in the tropical and warm temperate regions of the old world. Most of them are found in tropical Asia, the South Pacific and Australia (White and Elson Harris, 1992) Indian Dacinae are represented by 42 species with 32 species placed in genus Bactrocera and ten species placed in genus Dacus Fabricius. This includes B. andamanensis Kapoor, a lone endemic described from collections made as early as 1927 by Ferrar in the Andaman Islands (Kapoor, 1993). For nearly two and half decades this species stood as the only representative of the Andaman's fauna until Ranganath & Veenakumari (1995) added 12 species (including three undescribed ones) to the dacine fauna ofthe Andaman and Nicobar groups of islands. This paper, which forms the second part of the ongoing survey conducted between June 1993 and January 1996 in the Andaman and Nicobar islands, includes an additional 6 species of dacines and also new host records for Bactrocera (Bactrocera) carambolae Drew and Hancock and B. (B.) albistrigata (de Meijere) reported earlier from these islands. The survey was mainly conducted in the Nicobars (namely Car Nicobar and Great Nicobar islands) with a few visits to Little Andaman and some pockets of South Andaman. The survey included the collection of infested host fruits in cultivated and forest areas and also the deployment of attractant (methyl eugenol and cue lure) baited Steiner traps. Traps were hung about 1.5 m above ground level. Care was taken to see that sunlight did not fall directly on the traps. Traps were charged once in ten days. Six species of dacineffuit flies were recovered, in addition to the 12 species recorded earlier from the South Andaman, Car Nicobar and Great Nicobar islands. Of the six species, two were reared, one each from Gnetum gnemon L. (Gnetaceae) collected on Car Nicobar and Calophyllum inophyllum L. (Guttiferae) colle~ted on Car Nicobar, South Andaman and Little Andaman. The third species was reared from Momordica cochinchinensis and Trichosanthes tricuspidata (Cucurbitaceae) collected on Little Andaman, South Andaman and Ritchie's Archipelago. Two species out of the remaining three were trapped one each on Car Nicobar and Great Nicobar in methyl eugenol traps, whereas the last was trapped in the cue lure trap on South Andaman. During the visits to different localities in South Andaman, Little Andaman, Car Nicobar and Great Nicobar islands a few additional hosts were recorded for B. carambolae and B. albistrigata. The details of the distribution of fruit flies and their host records are provided below: Remarks. Reared from Gnetum gnemon L. collected on Car Nicobar island. Known to be distributed in Singapore and the Philippines (Hardy, 1974). Does not respond to lures. Remarks. Reared from Calophyllum inophyllum L. (Guttiferae) collected on Car Nicobar, South Andaman and Little Andaman. Known to be distributed in Belau, eastern Australia and Malaysia (Drew, 1989). Does not respond to lures. Remarks. Reared from Momordica cochinchinensis and Trichosanthes tricuspidata (Cucurbitaceae) on South Andaman, Little Andaman and Ritchie's Archipelago. The Momordica cochinchinensis collected was larger and with stiff hairs on the surface of the fruits, unlike those generally imported for human consumption from the Indian mainland. Remarks. Earlier regarded as a species under Dacus (Strumeta) (Hardy, 1959). Known to be distributed in Myanmar. Host records include jack fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) guava (Psidium guajava L.) and mango (Mangifera indica L.) in India (Fletcher, 1920). These host records undoubtedly belong to B. (B) caryeae Kapoor as the identity of B. incisa has been much confused in the past. The true identity of B. incisa has been discussed by Hardy (1959, 1973) and White & Elson Harris (1992). Trapped in cue lure traps on South Andaman. Bactrocel'a (Bactrocera) sp. nr.latilineola Drew & Hancock ,'. Remarks. Trapped in methyl eugenol traps on Car Nicobar island. Bactrocera (Bactrocera) carambolae was bred from Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thw., (Annonaceae) and Fagraea racemosa Jack.ex. Wall (Loganiaceae) in South Andaman. Earlier records include a wide range of forest and cultivated fruits (Ranganath & Veenakumari, 1995) and papaya (Carica papaya L.: Caricaceae) (Ranganath et aI., 1997). Bactrocera (Bactrocera) albistrigata was found to attack seriously Syzigium spp. (Myrtaceae), Scolopia spinosa (Roxb.) Warb. (Flacourtiaceae) in the Car Nicobar island; the hosts seriously attacked in the Great Nicobar Island are guava, Syzigium spp., other hosts bred includes Polyalthia longifolia, Calophyllum inophyllum, Guettarda speciosa L. (Rubiaceae), Aglaia argentea Blume (Meliaceae) and Syzigium aromaticum Merr. and Perry. Earlier records from Great Nicobar island include Terminalia procera Roxb. (Combretaceae), Neisosperma oppositifolium (Lam.) Fosb. & Sach. (Apocynaceae). This species is reported also to be a pest of guava in Car Nicobar island (Ranganath & Veenakumari, 1995). It is interesting that of the 18 species of dacines (including those recorded earlier from the Andaman and Nicobar islands (Ranganath & Veenakumari, 1995) only two species, Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) cucurbitae (Coq.) and B. (Z) tau (Walker) are common to both mainland India and these islands. The rest are so far not known to be present on the Indian mainland. The Andaman group, in which North, Middle, South and Little Andaman islands were covered under the present survey, was represented by 15 species of dacines as against eight species in the Nicobar group, wherein Car Nicobar and Great Nicobar islands are surveyed. The composition of these two groups of islands is strikingly different, with only four out of 15 species namely B. cucurbitae, B. tau, B. albistrigata and B. limbifera (Bezzi) being common to both groups. However, B. calophylli though found in the Andaman group and Car Nicobar island, was absent from Great Nicobar island. Its principal host C. inophyllum was found to be attacked by B. albistrigata on this island. Bactrocera carambolae was dominant on the Andaman group, attacking a very wide range offorest fruits in addition to cultivated ones (Ranganath & Veenakumari, 1995, Ranganath et aI., 1997). The present survey revealed a few hitherto unknown hosts of this species. However, B. albistrigata was dominant in the Nicobar group, targeting hosts such as Syzigium spp. and guava which are otherwise known to be attacked exclusively by B. carambolae in the Andaman group. Though B. albistrigata appears to be established in the Andaman group (Ranganath & Veenakumari, 1996) its hosts are yet to be identified. Except B. cucurbitae and B. tau which are present on the Indian mainland and also on these islands, the rest of the species occurring on these islands are known to be distributed in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines. Their distribution would now extend into the Nicoblmi and Andamans in the Indian Ocean. Five undescribed species of dacines encountered during the survey could be endemic to these islands. We wish to express our thanks to Dr. A.K. Bandyopadhyay, Director, C.A.R.I. for encouragement and facilities. We are indebted to Dr. D.L. Hancock, Queensland Dept. of Primary Industries, Australia for identifying the fruit fly specimens. We are grateful to Dr. P.V. Sreekumar, B.S.I., Port Blair for identifying host plants, Dr. Prashanth and Dr. Ramani for their help during the preparation of manuscript and Mr. Kasi for help in the field work. Drew, R.A.I., 1989. The Tropical fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) of the Australasian and Oceanian regions. Mem. Queensland Mus., 26: 1-521. Fletcher, T.B., 1920. Annotated list of Indian crop pests. Proceedings of the Third Entomological Meeting, Pusa. 33: 314. Hardy, D.E., 1959. The Walker types of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the British Museum collections. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist., 8: 159 244. Hardy, D.E., 1973. The fruit flies (Tephritidae: Diptera) of Thailand and bordering countries. Pacific Insects Monogr., 31: 1-353 pp. Hardy, D.E., 1974. The fruit flies of the Philippines (Diptera: Tephritidae ) Pacific Insects Monogr., 32: 1-266. Kapoor, V.c., 1993. Indianfruitflies (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae). Oxford and IBH Publishers, New Delhi, 228 pp. Ranganath, H.R. & K. Veenakumari, 1995. Notes on the dacine fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of Andaman and Nicobar islands. Raffles Bull. Zoot., 43(1): 235 238. Ranganath, H.R. & K. Veenakumari, 1996. Report of new fruit fly on guava on the Nicobar islands, India. Trop. Agric. (Trinidad), 73(2): 165. Ranganath, H.R., M.A Suryanarayana & K. Veenakumari, 1997. Papaya a new host record of carambola fruit fly Bactrocera (B) carambolae Drew and Hancock. Insect Environ., 3(2): 37. White, I.M. &M. M. Elson Harris, 1992. Fruit Flies of economic significance and their identification and bionomics. C.A.B. International, Wallingford, U.K. 601 pp.

Abstract: ARAMBOURG, Y., 1968: Les insectes nuisibles a l'olivier. Methodes de lutte-perspectives d'avenir. Inf. oleic, inter., 43: 21-33. BAGNOLI, B.; BELCARI, A.; NICCOLI, A.; Pucci, C ; QUAGLIA, F.; RICCI, C. y SALVI, F., 1983: Sulla convenienza economica di trattamenti diretti contro gli stadi preimmaginali del Dacus oleae (Gmelin). Redia, 65: 425-436. BAGNOLI, B.; GHILARDI, G. y Pucci, C., 1984: Sulla convenienza economica di trattamenti larvicidi e adulticidi contro il Dacus oleae (Gmel.) pp. 459-481. BENAVIDES, J. M. y CIVANTOS, M., 1988: Influencia de los sistemas de mantenimiento del suelo en los costes de recoleccion de aceitunas. Explotaciones olivareras colaboradoras. MAPA, Direccion General de la Produccion Agraria. Madrid 1988: 181-190. DELRIO, G. (1978). Perdita di produzione e deprezzamento dell'olio dovuto ad infestazione delia mosca dell'olivo (Dacus oleae Gmel.) nella Sardegna Nord-occidentale. Atti delia Riunione congiunta dei Gruppi di Lavoro sulla Ceratitis capitata Wied., Thagoletis cerasi L., sugli insetti nocivi all'olivo e sui metodi genetici di lotta contro gli insetti dannosi. Sassari, 15-20 Maggio, pp. 157-158. KAPATOS, E. T. y FLETCHER, B. S., 1980: An assessment of components of Crop Loss due to infestation by Dacus oleae, in Corfu. Entomologia Hellenica 1(1983): 7-16. tacion, por primera vez se pueden combinar y desarrollar ambas tecnicas, calculo de danos y estimacion de poblacion que las causa, creandose asi un utilisimo instrumento de control de las poblaciones naturales de Bactrocera oleae. Loi, G.; BELCORI, A. y MALFATTI, P., 1982: Estudio para la aplicacion de metodologia estadistica computerizada en olivicultura. Predisposicion de un plano experimental para la individualizacion de umbrales economicos de intervencion contra el Dacus oleae (Gmel.). Primer examen de los datos relativos a 1980. Frustula Entomologica N.S. IV 1981, pp. 223-246. LUCA, Y. DE, 1975: Nociones ecologicas relativas a la evaluacion de las perdidas de las cosechas. Boletin Fitosanitario FAO, 23, N.° 1. MICHELAKIS, S. E. y NEUENSCHWANDER, P., 1982: Estimates of the crop losses caused by Dacus oleae (Gmel.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Crete, Greece. Proc. of the CEC/IOBC International Symposium: Fruit Flyes of Economic Importance. Athens (Greece), 16-19 November 1982. Ed. R. Cavalloro pp. 603-611. MONASTERO, S., 1968: I risultati delia lotta biologica contro il Dacus oleae nel 1968 e nuove acquisizioni techiche neH'allevamento delia Ceratitis capitata. W. Boll. Inst. Ent. Agr. Osserv. Fitopat. Palermo, 7: 165-170. NEUENSCHWANDER, P. y MICHELAKIS, S., 1978: The infestation of Dacus oleae (Gmel.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) at harvest time and its influence on yield and quality of olive oil in Crete. Z. ang. Ent., 86: 420-433. MONTIEL, A. y MADUENO, C, 1995: Determinacion del umbral de tratamiento para la mosca del olivo (Bactrocera oleae Gmel., Diptera: Tephritidae) en olivar destinado a la produccion de aceite. Bol. San. Veg. Plagas, 21(4): 577-588. This work contributes to setting up a control methodology which let us know the optimum times of treatment against Bactrocera oleae Gmel., through the determination of a population threshold which justify the need of a treatment and that be easy to be determined by the farmers and technicians. An initial and basic inequation is posed in order to calculate the threshold, and will determine the minimum damage from which the application of a treatment would be economically advantageous. Each member of the inequation is defined by several factors as are: treatment costs and efficacy, environmental impact, crop losses, etc. The inequation permits to relate the costs of a treatment with the damages that the pest could cause, and these with a pest population threshold from which those treatments would be justified.

Abstract: La biologie et l'ethologie de Dacus ciliatus, Dacus demmerezi et Trihithromyia cyanescens, 3 Tephritidae de l'ile de la Reunion occasionnant des degâts sur les cultures legumieres sont etudiees. D. ciliatus et D. demmerzi ont des similitudes en termes de comportement sexuel, d'attraction pheromonale et de formation de lek. La sequence d'accouplement de ces 2 insectes se divise en 5 phases. T. cyanescens a un comportement generalement different : ce sont les femelles qui attirent les mâles sans qu'aucune attraction pheromonale ne soit mise en evidence. Les mâles agitent leurs ailes suivant des mouvements particuliers dans la periode precopulatoire. Les stimuli auditifs et visuels jouent un role important dans la rencontre des sexes

Abstract: 'Dryomyza semicyanea' Walker, 1858, described from Am Islands, Indonesia, is transferred to the Platystomatidae as 'Lamprogaster semicyanea' (Walker) n comb 'Dacus instabilis' Walker, 1861, and 'Lamprogaster gracilis' Hendel, 1914, are new synonyms of 'L semicyanea Dryomyza bicolor' Walker, 1953, from New South Wales, is transferred to the Lauxaniidae as 'Ceratolauxania bicolor' (Walker) n comb Other records of 'Dryomyza' spp from the Australasian Region are also discounted as due to misidentifications of lauxaniid and heleomyzid taxa or erroneous locality labelling Thus no evidence for the occurrence of the Dryomyzidae in this Region remains

Abstract: About 600 000 and 1 000 000 irradiated sterile Chinese citrus flies, Dacus ci tri (Chen) were released in Qilichong and other six orange orchards with a tot al area of about 118 hectares in Huishui county, Guizhou province in 1993 and 19 94 respectively. The rate of damaged orange by Dacus citri dropped from 5 194% three years before release to 0.134%(1993) and 0.098%(1994).