Abstract: The effect of concentration, insect age, time of day, and length of previous exposure on the response of olive fruit fly, Bactrocera (Dacus) oleae (Gmelin), males to pheromones was studied under laboratory conditions. Concentrations of 0.05, 0.08, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 10, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1,000 μg on Whatman no. 1 filter paper were tested. Male response increased with concentrations from 0.05 to 10 μg and decreased with those higher than 10 μg up to 1,000 μg. The log of concentrations and the corresponding insect responses had a positive linear relationship for the first range of concentrations and a negative linear relationship for the second range of concentrations. Response to the concentration with maximum male response (10 μg) appeared on the third day after adult emergence, increased gradually up to the sixth day, and dropped gradually thereafter. At the age of 35 d, a low response was still present in the flies. Males responded to pheromone during the last 4 h of the light period at a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h. Response increased toward the end of this 4-h period. Response to the concentration of 10 μg decreased significantly after 1 min of continuous exposure to the pheromone, but increase of concentration did not increase the response of these insects.

Abstract: «Hass» avocados were infested artificially with immature life stages of Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni syn Dacus tryoni (Froggatt), dipped for 3 min in 500 ppm benomyl at 46 o C, allowed to dry, and stored at 1.0±0.2 o C. Dose-mortality data from infested fruit held in cold storage for up to 7 d showed that the third instars were the most tolerant to treatment. None of >200,000 third instars infesting «Hass»vavocados survived to pupation after hot fungicide dip and storage at 1 o C for 15.63 d

Abstract: Eight of 44 selected analogs of veratrole showed promise as attractants for male, oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel, in week-long field tests when compared with a standard methyl eugenol (ME) lure. 4-Propyl- and 4(and 5)-allyl-2-ethoxy-1-methoxybenzene were the most effective of the eight promising lures showing high levels of initial and persistent attraction. 4-Ethyl-2-ethoxy-1-methoxybenzene showed a high level of initial attraction but lacked persistence as did its corresponding dimethoxy analog. High levels of attractancy demonstrated by several analogs evaluated in this study suggest that they could serve as potential alternatives to ME, if a critical need arises and their toxicity is acceptable. Despite previous studies showing that 889 chemicals were attractive to D. dorsalis in olfactometer tests, only three of the chemicals showed promise in the field.

Abstract: An experiment was conducted during 1989-91 to study stability of 10 cultivars of bittergourd (Momordica charantia L.) for economic traits.'Punjab 14' gave higher total (23.09 tonnes/ha) and marketable yield (20.33 tonnes/ha) and proved most stable for days taken to first harvest, days for 50% harvest and fruit weight. It also proved stable for total and marketable yield under favourable conditions. 'C 96' was most stable for fruits/plant and infestation by melon fruit-fly (Dacus cucurbitae Coq.) and 'NDBT 1 was most stable for fruit-fly infestation only.

Abstract: Wen-Yung Lee, Jui-Chun Chang, Yu-Bing Hwang, and Tai-Lang Lin (1994) Morphology of the antennal sensilla of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae). Zoological Studies 33(1): 65-71. The external antennal sensilla morphology of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel has been studied with scanning electron microscopy. The antennae of this fly, exhibiting no sexual dimorphism, consists of 3 segments: basal scape, pedicel, and elongated funiculus. The scape and the pedicel have dense microtrichia and chaetae. Seven distinct morphological types of sensilla belong to 4 groups on the funiculus, among the microtrichia. These sensilla are: trichoid sensilla types I and II, clavate sensilla types I and II, basiconlc sensilla types I and II, and styloconic sensilla. The morphological characteristics, distribution, and quantity of each sensillum on the funiculus are described below.

Abstract: Thermal responses controlling pupariation and adult eclosion in a citrus fruit fly, Dacus tsuneonis (Miyake), were studied to understand the winter biology of this species. When mature larvae were exposed to various temperature conditions, the highest percentage of pupariation was obtained at 15°C, although the variance at this temperature was greater than at 20C or 25°C. Pupariation occurred most rapidly at 20°C and an alternating temperature with a mean of 15°C. At constant 15°C, pupae failed to emerge as adults. Pupae were characterized by a reduced respiration rate, which is typical of a diapausing pupa. When insects were stored at different temperatures for 45 days after pupariation, and then transferred to 25°C, adult eclosion occurred earlier when the initial temperature was 10°C than when it was 5°C or 15°C. Adult eclosion occurred most synchronously and pupal mortality was lowest when insects were stored at 15°C for 90 days before incubation at 25°C. These results strongly suggest that D. tsuneonis enters a pupal diapause.

Abstract: A fruit trap was developed for detection and collection of the opiine parasitoids of the oriental fruit fly,Bactrocera (=Dacus)dorsalis (Hendel). Gravid females ofBiosteres arisanus (Sonan), an egg-larval parasitoid, orDiachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) andPsytallia incisi (Silvestri), both larval parasitoids, were lured to parasitize the eggs or larvae ofB. dorsalis inoculated in ripe papaya fruits,Carica papaya L. Progenies ofB. arisanus were consistently recovered from papaya fruits inoculated withB. dorsalis eggs (subsequently referred to as egg fruit traps). Except in Moloaa on Kauai (6%), higher percentage ofB. dorsalis parasitization (range=38–43%) was recorded in Hilo, island of Hawaii and Waimanalo and Poamoho, island of Oahu. Progenies ofD. longicaudata and a fewP. incisi were recovered from papaya fruits artificially infested withB. dorsalis larvae (subsequently referred to as larval fruit traps). The recovery of parasitoid progenies from larval fruit traps suspended from papaya trees did not differ significantly from larval fruit traps placed on the ground. In both methods of trap placement, percent parasitization ofB. dorsalis byD. longicaudata (predominant species) ranged from 58–60%. On the other hand, significantly moreB. arisanus thanD. longicaudata andP. incisi adults (larval parasitoids) were recovered from fully ripened to highly deteriorated papaya fruits collected from papaya trees or ground (fallen fruits).

Abstract: OCHANDO, M. D.; CALLEJAS, C ; FERNANDEZ, O. H. y REYES, A., 1994: Allozymic genetic variability in Dacus oleae (Gmelin). (Diptera: Tephritidae). I. Analysis of two natural populations from the South-east of Spain. Bol. San. Veg. Plagas, 20(1): 35-44. Genetic variation in the olive fruit fly Dacus oleae, was analyzed at 12 enzyme genes by starch gei electrophoresis. Two natural populations from the South-east of Spain were studied. The populations showed high levels of genetic variability. Average heterozygosity was 0.1339. The proportion of polymorphyc loci was 0.7725 or 0.9545 (criterion 95 % and criterion 99 % respectively). The average number of alieles per locus was 2.6818. Concerning the pattern of the variation, the most remarkable finding was the similarity of the configuration of allelic frequencies in our populations. Our observations support the conclusion that selection may be the major factor responsible for the genetic variation observed in Dacus oleae.

Abstract: JIMENEZ, A.; CASTILLO, E. y ESTEBAN-DURAN, J. R., 1994: Niveles de poblacion larvaria de Bactrocera (Dacus) oleae Gmelin, descendientes de hembras en presencia de bajas cantidades de frutos receptivos. Bol. San. Veg. Plagas, 20(1): 119-130. We have studied several biological parameters related with oviposition in Bactrocera (Dacus) oleae Gmelin when the female is offered small quantities of receptive fruits. The maximum values registered for the ratios «pupa/fruits with gallery(ies)» and «pupa/surviving female» were 5.53 and 17.5 respectively after exposing the fruits to the females for 24 hours. These results confirm the insect's high reproductive potential and the remarkable presence of larva within one fruit.This indicates that a scarcity of fruits would not be an obstacle for the existence of high population levels in years when the harvests are low. The lapse of time for the fruit being receptive is very wide and the larval stages could be completed in fruits (Picual variety) picked up in the field from July until the following April. Thus the absence of larva during certain periods of the year, when there are receptive fruits would be due to a reduction in the reproductive capacity of the females on which climatic conditions have a great influence.