Abstract: Effects of azadirachtin on the metamorphosis, longevity, and reproduction of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann); oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Handel; and melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett, exposed as late third in stars and pupae to treated sand were determined. Formation of pup aria was not affected by azadirachtin at the concentrations tested. Adult emergence was completely inhibited at concentrations of 14 ppm for C. capitata and D. dorsalis and at 10 ppm for D. cucurbitae. D. cucurbitae was significantly more susceptible to azadirachtin than C. capitata and D. dorsalis at LC ••. Even though adult emergence was inhibited, approximately 95% of treated puparia contained living adults. Adults that emerged from treatments appeared normal but significantly more died compared with controls. Ten days after emergence, 75%. D. dorsalis and 64% C. capttata exposed as larvae and pupae to 4.66 ppm azadirachtin had died. Approximately. 24% of D. cucurbitae exposed to 2.77 ppm azadirachtin died within 10 d after emergence. Azadirachtin had no significant effect on the number of eggs laid by adult D. dorsalis and C. capitata that had survived larval-pupal treatments. D. cucurbitae controls laid significantly more eggs than adults that had survived larval-pupal treatments with 1.85 ppm. Azadirachtin had no significant effect on egg hatch or the growth and development of F. progeny.

Abstract: Oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel; melon fly, Dacus cucurmtae Coquillett; and Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) were reared from hosts collected within 40km of papaya, Carica papaya L., orchards. Survivorship and demographic statistics were compared for experimental F1 populations established on papaya fruit under controlled laboratory conditions. C. capitata, D. dorsalis , and D. cucurmtae females survived a maximum of 109, 123, and 222 d, respectively. C. capitata , with the shortest mean generation time ( T = 39.9 d) and the highest net reproductive rate ( Ro = 173.3), had the highest intrinsic rate of increase ( rm = 0.13). D. dorsalis , with the second longest mean generation time ( T = 62.2 d) and the second highest net reproductive rate ( Ro = 167.2), had the second highest intrinsic rate of increase ( rm = 0.09). D. cucurmtae , with the longest mean generation time ( T = 71.7 d) and the lowest net reproductive rate ( Ro = 80.8), had the lowest intrinsic rate of increase ( Rm = 0.06). Results are discussed with respect to development of population management strategies in papaya orchards in Hawaii and eradication of fruit flies accidentally introduced into the U.S. mainland.

Abstract: . 1. An analysis of the number of ovarioles/ovary is presented for fourteen species of Dacus ranging from broad generalists (D.tryoni (Frogg.)) to strict host specialists (D.aglaia Hardy). For eight species data on egg size and the incubation time of eggs is also presented. Interrelationships among these life history variables and their relationships to host specialization were examined. 2. There was a broad positive relationship between the breadth of the natural host range (i.e. excluding cultivated fruits) and ovariole number (and hence potential fecundity). Highly polyphagous species had thirty-five to forty ovarioles/ovary while the specialists ranged from eight to twenty. 3. D.musae (Tryon), a specialist on banana, was an exception having an ovariole number similar to that of the most polyphagous species. 4. There was no clear relationship between egg size and ovariole number across eight species, though monophages were not fully represented in this analysis. Among these eight species there was no significant relationship between wing length and egg length, nor was there any such relationship among individuals within species. 5. There was considerable variation among species in the incubation time (at 25°C) for eggs, ranging from 24 h for D.cucumis French to 53 h for D.cacuminatus (Hering). This variation was only weakly related to egg size, though D.cucumis produced the largest eggs of any species examined. 6. Possible explanations for a relationship between potential fecundity and host range are discussed in terms of the balance between the abundance of host resources for generalists and their predictability for specialists. However, the observed relationship between ovariole number and host range must remain tentative, given that only fourteen species from one genus have been examined. Considerably more data is required for other dacines, for species in other tephritid subfamilies, and for other phytophagous insect groups to determine whether the relationship is generally applicable.

Abstract: The major components of the rectal glandular secretions of male Dacus (Bactrocera) umbrosus(jack fruit fly), D. (Bactrocera) nigrotibialis, D. (Bactrocera) albistrigatus, D. (Zeugodacus) tau and D. (Zeugodacus) sp. (taxonomically similar to D. tau) have been identified. Alcohols, spiroacetals, and amides are the dominant components. The major component in the rectal gland secretion of Dacus (Zeugodacus) cucurbitae(melon fly) is shown to be ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate and not 2-ethoxybenzoic acid.

Abstract: Mature oriental fruit fly females, Dacus dorsalis, from a population cultured on host fruit in the laboratory for one generation responded positively to visual and olfactory stimuli of individual natural kumquat (Fortunella japonica) and apple (Malus pumila) host fruit or models of these fruit hung from branches of potted trees in field enclosures. When females were exposed for 3 days to natural kumquats or apples on trees and subsequently released individually onto trees harboring one or the other of these fruit types, a significantly greater proportion of those exposed to kumquats than those exposed to apples or those not exposed to any fruit visited kumquats. Females exposed to kimquats for at least 3 days followed by at least 3 days of exposure to apples retained ability to find kumquats. Compared with females exposed to apples for 3 days or with naive females, females exposed to kumquats for 3 days exhibitied no less ability to find apples but did significantly refrain from accepting apples for oviposition. A final test was conducted in which females were exposed to natural kumquats or apples for 3 days and tested for response to inanimate models of either the same color and size as natural kumquats (orange, 20-mm diameter) or apples (green, 75-mm diameter) or models of the same color but opposite size. Results suggest that fruit size is the principal character learned and used in finding kumquats, which apparently are somewhat inconspicuous to an inexperienced foraging D. dorsalisfemale.

Abstract: ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit were artificially infested with immature life stages of Queensland fruit fly, Dacus tryoni (Froggatt), and stored at 1 ± 0.5°C. Comparison of dose mortality data from six replicated tests with eggs, first, second, and third in stars after cold storage for up to 12 d showed that first in stars were most tolerant of cold. None of >40,000 first in stars treated survived to pupation after storage at 1 ± 0.5°C for 12 d.

Abstract: Current quarantine treatments to disinfest papayas of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are often either detrimental to fruit quality or restricted to fruit less than one-quarter ripe. After phytotoxicity limits were established, thermal death studies were done on third-instar oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel, in artificially infested papayas. A hot-water immersion and two low-humidity, hot-air treatments were examined. Mature green to half-ripe papayas heated in 45.6°C. A two-term polynomial expression described the increase in measured fruit center temperatures with heating times at low humidity. Center temperatures of different size fruits reached the same level if heated >4 h.

Abstract: The pattern of occurrences of larvae and of trapped flies within outbreaks is different for Qfly, Dacus tryoni, and Medfly, Ceratitis capitata. For Qfly outbreaks, most flies are trapped before the first larva is found. In Medfly outbreaks, most if not all flies are usually trapped after the first larva is found. The difference is probably due to the higher efficiency of the Qfly trap. The phenology of each of the two species in Adelaide is similar to that in the areas where each is endemic, with peaks of fly catches and occurrences of larvae which mostly represent generations. For Qfly, the peaks of fly catches mostly correspond to those around Sydney, but there is no obvious spring (September-October) peak in Adelaide, possibly because of the very small total number of flies caught. For Medfly the peaks of fly catches are similar to those in Perth, except that only six flies have been caught between September and November. Medfly apparently has more generations per season in Adelaide than does Qfly, but the overall rate of increase of each species per season may be similar. Interceptions of infested fruit at road blocks suggest that there could be a single peak of

Abstract: With the purpose of eradicating melon flies, Dacus cucurbitae COQUILLETT, an aerial di stri buti on system was devised for the effective use of the sterile insect technique. Sterile pupae were placed in an emergence box which was stored in an air-conditioned container. The emerged files were reared with sugar and water, being followed by an anesthetization with a chilling treatment (3°C) in the second or third day after emergence. The immobilized flies were placed in an apparatus which was specifically designed for broadcasting sterile files effectively. The apparatus was installed one each on both sides of the helicopter. The files were released in an orderly manner with a device of a spiral type adapter. Inside temperature of the apparatus was maintained low to the possible extent of a coolant: i.e. 3°C at the start, followed by a gradual rise, reaching 5°C in 30 min and 10°C in 180 min after the helicopter took off. The survival rate in the emergence box was approximately 81% in 3 days after emergence. The survival rate and the flying capability after chilling were 73.3 and 68.1%, respectively. The survival rate of flies before and after passing through the release apparatus was 98.9 and 98.3% and the flying capability was 93.6 and 91.3%, respectively. There results indicate that the original high quality of the flies was not seriously damaged during the test period. Discipline: Insect pest Additional keywords: apparatus for releasing files, emergence box, quality control, sterile insect technique

Abstract: JIMENEZ, A.; E. CASTILLO y E. LORITE, 1990: Supervivencia del himenoptero braconido Opius concolor Szep. parasito de Dacus oleae Gmelin en olivares de Jaen. Bol. San. Veg. Plagas, 16 (1): 97-103. After three years (1985-1987) of releases of O. concolor in an olive grove near the town of Jaen, the presence of their descendants has been observed in October 1988 en Dacus oleae, pupa obtained from olive fruits attacked by the fly, showing the posibility of the introduced insect parasitoid overwintering. Several population parameters of D. oleae from 1988, a year with no O. concolor releases, have been compared with those from years 1985-1986 and 1987, showing that the trend of decrease in D. oleae catches started in 1985 is maintained.

Abstract: Melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett, infestation surveys in bitter melons in Hawaii have been reported from Momordica sp., Momordica charantia L., and Momordica bahamina L. in the Hawaiian entomological literature. However, recent taxonomic studies show that Af. bahamina does not occur in Hawaii; the Hawaiian species is Af. charantia. Because ofapparent confusion and error in the identity of bitter melons in the Hawaiian literature, we searched for a data base which included collections of both the cultivated and weedy forms of Af. charantia. The USDA-ARS Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Research Laboratory's data base, archived in Hilo, Hawaii, met this requirement and therefore was used to compare the relative infestation rates of the cultivated and weedy forms of Af. charantia by melon fly. Based on mean larvae per fruit, the cultivated form produced more melon flies man the weedy form; while based on mean larvae per weight of fruit, the weedy form produced more melon flies. Melon flies in both forms were more abundant at wet, lower elevations than at drier, higher elevations. The data presented here demonstrate that Af. charantia serves as a melon fly host in residential, agricul tural and forest ecosystems of Hawaii. Momordica sp., commonly referred to as bitter melon, Chinese cucum ber, etc., was first reported as a host of the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae Co quillett, in Hawaii by Back and Pemberton (1917, 1918). McBride and Tanada's (1949) list of melon fly hosts entered Momordica sp. of Back and Pemberton (1917, 1918) as made up of two taxonomically distinct species: Af. charantia L. as a "preferred, cultivated host"; and Af. bahamina L. as a "wild host." We believe that the host list of McBride and Tanada (1949) prompted the usage of M. balsamina to refer to the wild, weedy forms of bitter melon in Hawaii. The confusion over the nomenclature of bitter melon in Hawaii prob ably started with Pope (1929), who identified the wild Hawaiian Momordica as M. balsamina. Degener (1947) argued that Af. balsamina is not known in Hawaii, and that the Hawaiian specimens should be correctly identified as Af. charantia var. charantia for the cultivated form and Af. charantia var. 'Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Research laboratory. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, P. O. Box 4459, Hilo, Hawaii 9672

Abstract: Simple low cost techniques and equipment have been developed for large scale produc tion of Malaysian fruit fly. Dacus latifrons (Hendel). An artificial wheat diet was modified for use as a production diet by addition of carrot powder (7.5% by vol), which significantly in creased pupal yield and adult fecundity, and citric acid (0.35%), which controlled fungi en countered during large scale rearing. A new oviposition device, enclosable larval rearing trays, a larval collection cabinet, and specialized pupal holding procedures are described. During a 1 yr period 7,611,040 D. latifrons pupae were produced from 25,714,344 fertile eggs in less than 77 in* of space in 120 personnel hr per wk to support commodity treatment, attractant screening, and sterile insect release method research programs.

Abstract: Toxicity of the insect growth regulator, methoprene, to fruit flies (Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel, and melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) is highest in mature larvaer and early pupal stages. Persistence and distribution of methoprene applied to papaya after harvest was determined for three different formulations. Treatment of papaya with 20% methoprene in wax, the candidate formulation for use, resulted in ≈5,000 ppm of the parent compound in the peel and 17 ppm in the pulp 7 d after treatment. This residue concentration resulted in fruit fly mortality levels at the required 99.9968% mortality (Probit 9) rate.

Abstract: A numerical simulation of the effect of temperature stress on the amount of ethylene-forming enzyme in papaya is described. In response to arbitrary heating conditions, the model provides the temperature, the enzyme activity, and the survival value of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsa Its Hendel, as a function of depth in the fruit and of the duration of treatment. Results of our simulation suggest that a slight reduction in fruit temperature before and after the double hot-water immersion treatment may significantly affect fruit tolerance to fruit fly disinfestation treatments.