Showing papers on "Dacus published in 1989"
TL;DR: A high-temperature forced-air (HTFA) disinfestation treatment using four temperature stages was developed to disinfest Hawaii-grown papaya, Carica papaya L. cv.
Abstract: A high-temperature forced-air (HTFA) disinfestation treatment using four temperature stages was developed to disinfest Hawaii-grown papaya, Carica papaya L. cv. Solo, of the egg and larval stages of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann); melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett; and oriental fruit fly, D. dorsalis Hendel. The fourstage treatment forced 43 ± 1, 45 ± 1, 46.5 ± 1, and 49 ± 0.5°C hot air over the papaya surfaces until the fruit center temperatures at the end of each temperature stage reached 41 ± 1.5,44 ± 1,46.5 ± 0.75, and 47.2°C, respectively. Each of the first three temperature stages required about 2 h to heat the fruit to the corresponding fruit center temperatures; the last temperature stage required <1 h to raise the fruit center temperatures to 47.2°C. Relative humidity of 40-60% during treatment prevented fruit damage. When the fruit center temperatures reached 47.2°C, the papayas were immediately hydrocooled until the fruit center temperatures were ≤30°C. Phytotoxicity tests showed that the HTFA treatment was not detrimental to fruit quality. Survival tests with the HTFA treatment until final fruit center temperatures were 43.2, 45.2, or 46.2°C showed little or no survival between 46.2 and 47.2°C for C. capitata , and between 45.2 and 46.2°C for D. cucurbitae and D. dorsalis. D. cucurbitae was more susceptible to the HTFA treatment than C. capitata or D. dorsalis . Survival tests also showed that either first or third instars were more susceptible to the HTFA treatment than eggs for all three fruit fly species.
74 citations
TL;DR: The age-related response profiles, when integrated withSexual maturation curves, indicate that one of the major reasons the male-annihilation technique is effective is because methyl eugenol is able to attract 40–50% of male flies prior to the onset of sexual maturation.
Abstract: Laboratory-reared and wild, fruit-reared adults of the Oriental fruit fly,Dacus dorsalis Hendel, were tested for response to methyl eugenol at various ages. Virgin laboratory (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days old) and wild (7, 11, 15, 19, and 23 days old) flies were released into an outdoor field cage and trapped over a two-day period. Response of males increased with age as ca. 32% and 22% of laboratory and wild males responded at 2 and 7 days of age, respectively, while ca. 93% of both strains responded at 10 and 23 days of age, respectively. These correspond approximately to the ages at which they reach sexual maturity. Female response did not increase with age and fluctuated between 15% and 29% for the laboratory strain and 10% and 45% for the wild strain. The age-related response profiles, when integrated with sexual maturation curves, indicate that one of the major reasons the male-annihilation technique is effective is because methyl eugenol is able to attract 40–50% of male flies prior to the onset of sexual maturation.
47 citations
TL;DR: Results are discussed with respect to population management programs for fruit flies with regard to capture rates for male oriental fruit fly and spiny cucumber.
Abstract: Capture rates for male oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel, were 5-10 times higher on the windward side than on the leeward side of the island of Kauai. In contrast, capture rates for melon fly, D. cucurbitae Coquillett, were 3-8 times higher on the leeward side than on the windward side of the island. Peak D. dorsalis trap captures occurred during spring and fall after guava, Psidium guajava L. and P. cattleianum Sabine, fruited in a guava belt above coastal agricultural areas. Peak D. cucurbitae trap captures occurred during winter and spring after the wild hosts bitter melon, Momordica charantia L., and spiny cucumber, Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenberg ex Spach, fruited and during summer when truck crops were cultivated in agricultural areas. In a typical agricultural area, D. dorsalis capture rates were higher outside than inside crop production areas. In contrast, D. cucurbitae capture rates were higher inside than outside crop production areas. Results are discussed with respect to population management programs for fruit flies.
45 citations
TL;DR: The influence of body size on adult survivorship and fecundity up to the massrearing discard age was determined for laboratory-reared Mediterranean fruit fly and the oriental fruit fly.
Abstract: The influence of body size on adult survivorship and fecundity up to the massrearing discard age (age at which the lifetime production of pupae per female is maximum) was determined for laboratory-reared Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), and the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis (Hendel). Fecundity increased with size, but survivorship was not affected. The size-specific vital rates were applied to a demographic massrearing model. Implications for mass-rearing are discussed.
38 citations
TL;DR: Results of this study show that papaya, which has been considered as an “occasional host” of the melon fly, is becoming a more common host under unsanitary field cultural conditions.
Abstract: Infestation rates of oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel, and melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett, were determined in mature green, color-break, quarter, half, three-fourth, and fully ripe papaya ( Carica papaya L. cv. Kapoho Solo) fruits. These qualitative ripeness descriptions were based on the extent of the fruits’ yellow color development. Infestation rates of papaya by the two species of Dacus increased with the increase in degree of fruit ripeness. The density of oriental fruit flies in papaya was much greater than that of melon flies, especially in half- to fully ripe fruits. The 1949-1981 survey record data and the 1979-1986 field infestation data revealed a gradual increase in the occurrence of melon flies in papaya, apparently because of changes in the farmers’ cultural practice. Papaya, which has been considered as an “occasional host” of the melon fly, is becoming a more common host under unsanitary field cultural conditions. Results of our study are discussed in relation to the biology and ecology of the two species of Dacus and in the development of regulatory quarantine treatments designed to disinfest papaya with the fruit flies.
36 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that C. capitata and Dacus dorsalis Hendel distribution and abundance are directly affected by the elimination of preferred host fruits and indirectly by climate causing differential effects on their survival in coffee and other fruits in wet versus dry areas.
Abstract: The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), showed a distinct preference for a dry habitat ( 180 cm/yr rainfall) on the island of Oahu, but they were persistent in dry areas, particularly Makaha Valley. The mean infestation rate was 0.21 and 33.5 flies per kilogram of coffee in wet and dry areas. Dissection of coffee collected in the field showed that larval recoveries per 100 fruits were equal in wet and dry areas, but larval mortality was statistically higher in wet areas; the larvae apparently die from decay of the fruit, especially if they crack open. We conclude that C. capitata and Dacus dorsalis Hendel distribution and abundance are directly affected by the elimination of preferred host fruits and indirectly by climate causing differential effects on their survival in coffee and other fruits in wet versus dry areas.
22 citations
TL;DR: In laboratory assays of Dacus dorsalis Hendel populations that had been cultured on host fruit in the laboratory for one generation, it was found that ovipositing females discriminated strongly against kumquat fruit infested by young conspecific larvae or young larvae of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) but not against uninfested kumQuat fruit whose surface was treated with fly-deposited substances.
Abstract: In laboratory assays of Dacus dorsalis Hendel populations that had been cultured on host fruit in the laboratory for one generation, we found that ovipositing females discriminated strongly against kumquat fruit infested by young conspecific larvae or young larvae of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) but not against uninfested kumquat fruit whose surface was treated with fly-deposited substances such as kumquat juice, feces, or host marking pheromone. Discrimination against larval-infested fruit could allow D. dorsalis to avoid possible detrimental effects of intraspecific as well as intergeneric competition among larvae for limited host fruit resources.
17 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Viable larvae of the Oriental fruit fly were found in Carica papaya L.'Kapoho' fruit after hot water double-dip quarantine treatment in Hawai because of two types of blossom end defects.
Abstract: Viable larvae of the Oriental fruit fly (Dacus dorsalis Hendel) were found in Carica papaya L.'Kapoho' fruit after hot water double-dip quarantine treatment in Hawai. Two types of blossom end defects, navel and definite pinhole, were responsible for the failure of the quarantine treatment. These defects resulted from abnormal placental growth near the blossom end of fruit. Defective fruit also had higher incidences of internal infection by Cladosporium sp. and Fusa rium spp...
14 citations
TL;DR: Melon flies were most numerous along the south coastal trap sites, and flies caught in traps were significantly correlated to pupal yield from samples of infested fruits of Momordica charantia L. for two of three years, but not for the two high rainfall years of 1985 and 1986.
Abstract: Distribution of the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett, was determined by trapping males at 100 sites throughout the island of Rota, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Melon flies were most numerous along the south coastal trap sites. Flies caught in traps were significantly correlated to pupal yield from samples of infested fruits of Momordica charantia L. for two of three years. Rainfall was significantly correlated with trap catches for the two low rainfall years of 1984 and 1987, but not for the two high rainfall years of 1985 and 1986. The highest trap catch of 5.8 flies per trap per day in 1986 was 100 times less than the number of flies caught in an earlier study in 1961 when the peak was 614 flies per trap per day and precipitated eradication efforts in 1963.
TL;DR: Lack of significant differences in metabolism between C. capitata females and males indicated that the toxicological differences between the sexes cannot be explained by the results of this study.
Abstract: Topical toxicity of acephate and methamidophos to Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann); oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel; and melon fly, D. cucurmbitae Coquillet, was assessed over a 20-d observation period. Mortality caused by acephate stabilized 2 d after treatment for C. capitata and 4 d for the Dacus species. LD50s and their fiducial limits for female C. capitata, D. cucurmbitae , and D. dorsalis were 6.72 /µg/g (6.08-7.81), 1.46 /µg/g, and 0.84 /µg/g (0.82-0.87), respectively. The LD50, and fiducial limit for male C. capitata was 14.20 /µg/g (12.11-18.62). LD50s for D. cucurmbitae and D. dorsalis males and females were similar. Mortality caused by methamidophos stabilized 1 d after treatment for C. capitata and 2 d for Dacus species. LD50s and their fiducial limits for female C. capitata, D. cucurmbitae , and D. dorsalis were 0.90 /µg/g (0.53-1.08), 0.80 µg/g (0.74-0.95), and 0.80 /µg/g (0.77-0.84), respectively. LD50, s were similar for males and females. Faster penetration, internal accumulation, and excretion of acephate in C. capitata compared with the Dacus species accounted for the faster toxic action observed. Lack of significant differences in metabolism between C. capitata females and males indicated that the toxicological differences between the sexes cannot be explained by the results of this study. Dacus species produced significantly higher levels of methamidophos than C. capitata thus explaining their higher susceptibility to acephate. Higher levels of tissue-bound radioactivity were found in D. cucurmbitae than in the other two species.
TL;DR: Three types of ovipositor sensilla of tephritids are considered to play roles analogous to those of certain labial receptors of flies with piercing mouthparts, including groove sensilla, which are inferred as being a source of mechanical and chemical information used by the fly in such Ovipositional decisions.
Abstract: . Gravid female Queensland fruit flies Dacus tryoni (Froggatt) readily oviposit when the ovipositor sensilla are stimulated either by a relatively thick (≥2 mm) surface layer, or by moisture under a relatively thin (<0.5 mm) or thick surface layer. A single layer of Parafilm over dry air elicits almost no oviposition; significantly more oviposition occurs when the underside of the Parafilm is coated with a 2 mm thick layer of petroleum jelly; even more oviposition occurs when the Parafilm is floated on liquid paraffin; greatest oviposition is elicited when moist media (agar gel, water or moist air) are presented under the Parafilm. Hollowed‐out domes of apple skin elicit significant oviposition only when sealed basally, to give high internal concentrations of water vapour. The previously identified groove sensilla on the tephritid ovipositor are inferred as being a source of mechanical and chemical information used by the fly in such ovipositional decisions. The ovipositor also has two other types of tactile sensilla. The three types of ovipositor sensilla of tephritids are considered to play roles analogous to those of certain labial receptors of flies with piercing mouthparts.
1 Jan 1989
TL;DR: This test was conducted to determine the effect of gamma radiation on the fertility and longevity of adult parasitoids, using the orien tal fruit fly, Dams dorsalis Hendel, and its primal-)' larval parasitoid, Biosteres longiraudatus (Ashmead).
Abstract: Tupac of the oriental fruit lly, Ducus tlnnalis Hi-ndcl. which had been exposed as larvae to the parasiloid, Bimlnrs Itmpraudatia (Ashmead), were subjected to 10 krad gamma radiation in nitrogen atmosphere on the eleventh clay after parasili/alioii. The irradiation treatment caused sterility in the adult parasitoids of both sexes. Camilla irradiation slightly enhanced longevity ol treated females when compared with un treated parasitoids. However, longevity of treated males decreased significantly. The sterile insect and the augmentative parasitoid release techniques are two ecologically acceptable methods for the suppression of tephritid fruit fly populations in Hawaii (Wong et al. 1984). The integration of both suppression methods is proposed to be more effective and less costly than the use of either of these methods alone, or the use of insecticide sprays (E. F. Knipling, personal communication). During the laboratory rearing of tephritid fruit fly parasitoids, over 50% of the host larvae exposed to parasitoids were unparasitized and produced pupae that eclosed to normal adult flies. This surplus of pupae could be sterilized and released with the parasitoids. However, information on the ef fect of radiation on parasitized pupae was lacking. Therefore, this test was conducted to determine the effect of gamma radiation on the fertility and longevity of adult parasitoids, using the orien tal fruit fly, Dams dorsalis Hendel, and its primal-)' larval parasitoid, Biosteres longiraudatus (Ashmead). MATERIALS AND METHODS Mature third instar larvae of the oriental fruit fly were exposed to the parasitoid B. longiraudatus for opposition (Greany et al. 1976). On the eleventh day after opposition (1-2 days before host flies eclose at 26 ± 2*C and 60 ± 10% RH), samples (ca. 200 each) from mixed parasitized and unparasitized puparia were subjected to a dose of 10 krad gamma irradiation in nitrogen atmosphere (Burditt and Seo 1971, Ohinata et al. 1977). This 'Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Research laboratory. Agricultural Research Service U S Department of Agriculture. P. O. Box 2280. Honolulu, Hawaii 96801. 112 Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society dose induced 99% sterility for treated oriental fruit flies (Wong et al. 1982). Examination of pupae at 10X magnification with transmitted light for the presence of parasitoid ovipositional scars facilitated the segregation of parasitized and unparasitized puparia (Nakagawa 1969). Before mating took place, eclosed adult parasitoidswere segregated individually into trans parent plastic cages which had undiluted honey smeared on screens at the top. Fertility tests were conducted by using 15 cohorts of each of the follow ing groups: 1) untreated females with untreated males (UF X LJM);2) un treated females with treated males (UF X TM); 3) treated females with untreated males (TF X UM); 4) treated females with treated males (TF X TM); and 5) treated females alone (TF). These parasitoids were allowed to oviposit individually into mature third instar oriental fruit fly larvae (ca. 100 per imposition unit), and notes on their progeny, longevity, and fertility were recorded. Data were analyzed by Student's t-tesl and analysis of variance, and means were separated (P > 0.05) with Duncan's multiple range test (SAS Institute 1982). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In our test, dissection of 100 random samples of parasitized puparia on the eleventh day after oviposition revealed that 65% of the parasitoids were still fourth larval instars or prepupal stages, and 35% were pupae. Adult parasitoitls from treated I), dorsalis puparia emerged in 16 to 19 days, as did the untreated parasitoids. Also, treated females were seen to parasitize host larvae, but without producing offspring. Longevity and fer tility results from mating tests are summarized in Table 1. These results showed that gamma radiation exposure produced complete sterility in males, and a considerable harmful effect on the fertility of females. It was expected that by preventing oogenesis with gamma radiation the life span of the adult females would be prolonged, at the expense of nutriTABLE 1. DiHeienlial effect of 10 krail ^:iiiiiiki radiation on males and females of Hiosleres hinprmtilnlus (Ashmead).
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Papayas (Carica papaya L.) that were infested with eggs and first instar larvae of the Oriental fruit fly showed a reduction in the number of insects present when the fruits were subsequently wrapped for at least 96 hr with platic shrink-wrap film.
Abstract: Papayas (Carica papaya L.) that were infested with eggs and first instar larvae of the Oriental fruit fly (Dacus dorsalis Hendel) showed a reduction in the number of insects present when the fruits were subsequently wrapped for at least 96 hr with platic shrink-wrap film. In a related study, individually wrapped mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) that were artificially infested with larvae of Drosophila melanogaster no longer harbored living larvae when the wrap remained for 72 hr...
TL;DR: The previously published model used for calculating survival of Dacus dorsalis Hendel in papaya subjected to a hot-water immersion treatment is extended, and the calculation of survival for treatments including the vapor heat and dry air treatments is extended.
Abstract: The previously published model used for calculating survival of Dacus dorsalis Hendel in papaya ( Carica papaya L. var. Solo)subjected to a hot-water immersion treatment is extended. The new model allows the calculation of survival for treatments including the vapor heat and dry air treatments. The physical parameter needed to extend the model to these treatments is h , the surface heat transfer coefficient. Measurements of h are reported for papaya in high- and low-humidity environments of moving and static air.
TL;DR: To establish the method for transportation of sterilized adults of the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae COQUILLETT, recovery speed of adult flies anesthetized by chilling and various gases were investigated.
Abstract: To establish the method for transportation of sterilized adults of the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae COQUILLETT, recovery speed of adult flies anesthetized by chilling and various gases were investigated. Adult flies anesthetized by chilling recovered in a short time after transfer to normal temperatures, regardless of duration chilling period. A much longer time was needed for recovery from anesthetization with CO2 and N2, depending on the period of exposure. The flight ability of adults anesthetized with CO2 gas was retarded more severely than that of adults which were anesthetized with N2 gas or chilled.
TL;DR: The first reported eye color mutant allele is described in the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel, and is inherited as an autosomal recessive gene.
Abstract: The first reported eye color mutant allele is described in the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel. Mandarin red ( ma ) is inherited as an autosomal, recessive gene.
TL;DR: A height of 120 to 180 cm from the ground was found to be optimal for the natal fruit fly in wild guava zones and traps placed at ground level on creeping plants were found to capture the highest number of the melon fruit fly.
Abstract: At present there are nine species of tephritid fruit flies in Mauritius and together they plague a wide range of hosts, from wild guavas to cultivated fruits and vegetables. The most destructive among them are: the natal fruit fly, Pterandrus rosa Karsh; the medfly Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann and the melon fruit fly Dacus Cucurbitae Coquillet. Studies with parapheromones indicate that trap colour has little if any effect on the efficiency of fly capture, the olfactory component completely dominating any visual effect. The efficiency of the traps with respect to height varies from species to species and with the vegetation. A height of 120 to 180 cm from the ground was found to be optimal for the natal fruit fly in wild guava zones. Traps placed at ground level on creeping plants were found to capture the highest number of the melon fruit fly. The response of the medfly in fruit tree orchards with height of traps was erratic, showing inconsistent trends with more than one peak.
TL;DR: A simple method was developed to record the eclosion rhythm of the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae, by weighing pupae using a computer-assisted balance, and found that theMelon flies emerged near the start of “light on” periods when the pupae had been subjected to a 12L-12D condition.
Abstract: A simple method was developed to record the eclosion rhythm of the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae, by weighing pupae using a computer-assisted balance. The number of adults eclosed was calculated by the decrease of weight of a batch of pupae. Data of the weight decrease of 30min. periods was entered into a personal computer (PC-9801 Vm2, NEC) and processed by an original program written in N88 BASIC. Through this system, it was found that the melon flies emerged near the start of “light on” periods when the pupae had been subjected to a 12L-12D condition.
TL;DR: The quantity and frequency of ovipositional “acts” for irradiated flies was much lower than that of the non-irradiated ones.
Abstract: Oviposition behavior in non-irradiated and irradiated melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae COQUILLETT, was studiedunder laboratory conditions. A few irradiated female melon flies inserted their ovipositors into slices of host fruits (melon and watermelon) and artificial oviposition devices. The quantity and frequency of ovipositional “acts” for irradiated flies was much lower than that of the non-irradiated ones. “Number” indicates the quantity of females which engaged in oviposition behavior per 1, 000 females per 15min. “Frequency” indicates the total number of acts in varying behavioral modes per 1, 000 females per 15min.