Abstract: The eggshell of two fruit flies of economic importance has been studied by means of light and electron microscopy. The eggshell of the olive fruit fly, Dacus oleae, contains compact endochorion, wh...

Abstract: Studies of population fluctuations of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel, were conducted in two guava orchards from January 1980 to December 1981 using methyl eugenol traps. Three distinct population peaks were recorded in March/April, May/June and September/October during both years. These peaks coincided with the ripening of guava and mango fruits which are the major hosts of D. dorsalis. Abiotic factors also played an important role in regulating the fly population. Trap catches were significantly and positively correlated with maximum and minimum temperatures, day degrees (or thermal units) and maximum relative humidity. Trap catches were significantly and negatively correlated with minimum relative humidity. The placement of fruit fly traps in different directions and positions in orchards had no apparent effect on the catches of flies. However, traps placed in the edges of the orchards caught significantly higher numbers of flies than traps placed in the centre.

Abstract: We examine mass-production strategies for insects, using life table techniques. Harvesting of target stages and discarding of reproductives are viewed simply as the imposition of new mortality rates on a population. Demographic formulae are given for computing production rates and stage relations within a rearing facility and for determining age and size structure in released, sterile populations. The methods are applied to data relating to the rearing of three tephritid fruit flies— Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), Dacus dorsalis Hendel, and D. cucurbitae Coquillet. Both specific and general implications of the findings are briefly discussed.

Abstract: Six types of sensilla were identified on the antennae of male and female Dacus tryoni with scanning electron microscopy: sensilla chaetica were restricted to the scape and pedicel; trichoid types I and II, basiconic, clavate and styloconic sensilla were restricted to segment 3 Their morphological characteristics and distributions are described

Abstract: The Malaysian fruit fly, Dacus taufrons (Hendel), is the most recent fruit-infesting tephritid to become established in Hawaii. This species was reared in our laboratory on pepper, Capsicum annum L., a commonly infested host in Hawaii. At a constant temperature of 26.6°C duration of preadult development was 21 days. Mortalities of 19, 30, and 16% were recorded for the egg, larval, and pupal stages, respectively. Mean total eggs per female oviposited in pepper was 256.2 and mean female longevity 64.1 days. With a mean generation time of 48.1 days and a net reproductive rate of 61.1, intrinsic rate of increase was 0.09, a value lower than that of other Dacus species in Hawaii.

Abstract: Distributional loci for Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) were mapped for all major islands in Hawaii. Generally, loci were located in or near leeward dry areas at both high and low elevations. Fruit utilization varied by locality as well as by host species. Host fruit utilization by C. capitata exceeded that of Dacus dorsalis Hendel in certain areas; in others, the situation was reversed. In some areas these two species appeared to coexist in apparent harmony; in others, C. capitata was displaced by D. dorsalis .

Abstract: . A new family of Strepsiptera (Dipterophagidae) from Australia containing a new genus and species (Dipterophagus daci) is described and figured. This is the first species of Strepsiptera to be described as a parasite of Diptera. D.daci is recorded from ten fruit fly species, viz Dacus aquilonis (May), D.bellulus Drew, D.cacuminatus (Hering), D.decurtans (May), D.mayi Hardy, D.neohumeralis Hardy, D.peninsularis Drew, D.tenuifascia (May), D.tryoni (Froggatt) and Dacus sp. n. (near musae). Gregarious parasitism (two to six adult parasites per fly) is common.

Abstract: In a series of field tests, Min-U-Gel 400 was significantly superior to the thixotrope, Thixcin E, as a thickening agent for male annihilation formulations of methyl eugenol against the oriental fruit fly. Methyl eugenol with Min-U-Gel 400 proved to be easier to formulate and apply in spot application programs in California.

Abstract: Research on refrigeration as a potential quarantine treatment for fruits and vegetables subject to infestation by Dacus dorsalis Hendel and D. cucurbitae Coquillett conducted from 1949 to 1951 was reviewed. These data showed that 10 days storage of fruit infested by D. dorsalis at 2.8°C or below would be acceptable as a quarantine treatment. For D. cucurbitae , 10 days of storage at or below 0°C was adequate. However, probit analyses predicted that 16–20 days were required for fruit held at 0.6–2.8°C.

Abstract: Seasonal occurrence of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel, was monitored from 1979 to 1981. Sixty plastic traps baited with methyl eugenol were used to catch adult males in the Kula area of Maui, Hawaii. Total flies caught in the 60 traps were 188,636, 414,504, and 247,397 for 1979, 1980, and 1981, respectively. D. dorsalis activity peaked during late November 1979, early October 1980, and July 1981. In 1981, trap catches were significantly correlated with fruit infestations between 14 and 16 weeks following fruit collections. In all 3 years, significantly more flies were caught in lower elevations than in higher elevations. There were no significant differences in numbers of flies caught in 46 traps placed on host plants compared to those caught in 14 traps placed on nonhost plants. In some cases, however, significant year-to-year differences in trap catches were found for particular sites.

Abstract: Two new methyl bromide (MB) quarantine fumigation schedules of 32g/m3 MB for 4 h 48 g/m5 MB for 2 h at 19°C or above and normal atmospheric pressure are reported for cucumbers grown in Hawaii and shipped to the United States mainland. These MB-fumigation schedules for cucumbers are intended to replace the ethylene dibromide (EDB) quarantine fumigation schedule for melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett, and oriental fruit fly, D. dorsalis Hendel, because the registration of EDB as a fumigant was cancelled by the Environmental Protection Agency on 1 September 1984.

Abstract: キュールアトラップとカボチャの切片を誘引源とするカボチャトラップを用いてウリミバエ誘殺数の時間的およびトラップ設置環境による空間的変動を調査し,以下の結果を得た。1) キュールアトラップにおける誘殺は日の出とともに始まり,全誘殺虫数の80%が午前中に回収された。2) カボチャトラップにおける誘殺は日の出後,1∼2時間を経過してから始まり,日没まで続いた。9月の日中の経時変化は午前と午後にピークのある2山型を示したが,11月と12月にはそれが崩れる傾向があった。3) キュールアトラップはニガウリ畑,中間地点,林のいずれの場所においてもほぼ同数の誘殺が認められたのに対して,カボチャトラップではニガウリ畑,中間地点,林の順に誘殺数が減少し,12月の調査では林での誘殺は認められなかった。4) カボチャトラップでの1日1トラップ当りの雄誘殺数はキュールアトラップよりも多く,カボチャトラップでは,さらに,雄とほぼ同等の雌が誘引された。5) カボチャトラップに誘殺された大部分の雌は未成熟であった。6) 一般的に,成熟雌の飛来は雌成虫の誘殺が始まる時刻よりも遅れ,1日のうち午後または夕方に成熟雌個体がふえる傾向にあった。7) カボチャトラップに誘殺された雌率はニガウリ畑と中間地点において高く,林では低かった。

Abstract: Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), melon flies, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett, and oriental fruit flies, I), dorsalis Hendel, were sexually sterilized with tepa supplied in drinking water for the first 2 days after adult emergence and at dosages determined in earlier tests to be thresholds for sexual sterilization of the particular species. Ovaries and testes were dissected out of the adults at different periods, depending upon the physiological ages of the particular species, and measurements were made under a binocular microscope with calibrated occular. Sizes of gonads of the males of all three species were affected less severely by the tepa treatment than those of females. Male and female gonads of treated Mediterranean fruit flies were least reduced in size, and those of melon flies the most.

Abstract: NEW MATERIAL:1-O-(β-galactopyranosyl)-2,3-di-O-linoleyl-x-glycerol of formula. USE: Attractant for Dacus cucurbitae. PREPARATION: Raw fruit of balsam pear (Momordica charantia) is ground in the presence of water and extracted with methyl acetate. The extract is concentrated and separated by silica gel chromatography using a 20:80 mixture of methyl acetate and dichloromethane as an elution solvent. The separated component is purified by repeating thin layer chromatography. COPYRIGHT: (C)1987,JPO&Japio

Abstract: PURPOSE:An attractant for Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett having high attracting activity, comprising a diglyceride or triglyceride having linolenic acid residue as an unsaturated fatty acid residue in the molecule as an active ingredient, and an attracting insecticide obtained by adding an organic phosphorus insecticide to the attractant. CONSTITUTION:An attractant for Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett comprising a diglyceride or triglyceride (e.g., 2-linolenoyl-1-palmitoyl diglyceride, etc.) having at least one linolenic acid residue as an unsaturated fatty acid residue in the molecule, obtained easily by esterifying glycerin with a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid, as an active ingredient. An attracting insecticide for Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett obtained by further adding an organic phosphorus insecticide such as BRP, malathione, diazine, or dimethoate. The attractant attracts both male and female Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett, and has no offensive smell.

Abstract: Allozyme frequencies at 10 loci were scored during the first six generations of a laboratory colony of the olive fruit fly, Dacus oleae (Gmelin), reared on artificial substrate. Profound changes were observed at two enzyme loci, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). Less striking but still significant changes were detected at a third locus, hexokinase (HK). These changes are clearly caused by selection. Smaller changes were detected at the other loci and these can be attributed to either selection or random drift. The allelic frequencies at all loci in two older laboratory colonies maintained under similar conditions were very similar to those obtained in the new colony after only four generations of artificial rearing. We conclude that artificial rearing induces intense selection pressures on a large fraction of the genetic polymorphisms present in natural populations of the insect. As a result, laboratory colonies undergo rapid genetic differentiation, which may provide the basis for several important physiological and behavioral differences between laboratory-reared and wild flies. The findings suggest that allozyme monitoring could provide a useful tool for assessing the quality of laboratory-reared insects.

Abstract: The bacteria associated with Dacus tryoni (Froggatt), Dacus jarvisi (Tryon), Dacus neohumeralis (Hardy) and Dacus cacuminatus (Hering) were examined. Bacteria were isolated from the surface of freshly-laid eggs, from within surface sterilised pupae, from heads and abdomens of wild and laboratory-maintained flies, and from decomposed fruits in which the wild larvae were feeding. A more diverse flora was associated with D. tryoni and D. jarvisi (15 and 14 species, respectively) than with D. neohumeralis and D. cacuminatus (9 and 6 species, respectively). Most of the bacteria belonged to the family Enterobacteriaceae and while there were similarities of bacterial associations between fly species there was no evidence of a strict symbiotic association of a particular bacterium or bacteria with each species of fly. The larvae of D. jarvisi were unable to develop normally in an artificial medium containing unhydrolysed protein and free of bacteria and on a medium containing casein and Serratia liquefaciens (isolated from the flies and shown to secrete protease) the larvae died. On the same casein medium containing Enterobacter cloacae (isolated from the flies and shown to be protease negative) the larvae developed normally. Larvae of D. tryoni and D. jarvisi were devoid of protease and cellulase activity, but contained some amylase activity. The significance of these results in terms of current hypotheses concerning symbioses between tephritids and bacteria is discussed.

Abstract: Aeration extracts from femaleDacus cucurbitae and femaleDacus dorsalis have been shown to contain a variety of 2,8-dialkyl-1, 7-diaxospiro [55] undecanes together with N-3-methylbutylacetamide