Crotyl

Abstract: The linear or branched allyl moieties on aromatic rings are well-known as ubiquitous structural motifs found in a range of natural products and medicinally relevant molecules. They also represent an important class of organic intermediates for the transformation of an olefin group into many useful functional groups. Established methods for the installation of allylic groups rely primarily on nucleophilic substitution or transmetalation of aryl metal complexes to allyl electrophiles, Lewis acid-mediated Friedel–Crafts allylation of electron-rich arenes, and Tsuji–Trost allylation reactions with π-allyl species. Complementing previous protocols, the transition metal-catalyzed allylation reactions via C–H activation strategy using various allylic surrogates like allylic acetates, allylic carbonates, allylic phosphonates, allylic halides, allylic alcohols, vinyl oxiranes, allenes, 1,3-dienes, and others have recently emerged as a powerful tool for creating the corresponding allyl, crotyl and prenyl moieties. ...

Abstract: 3-Substituted-3-hydroxy-oxindoles appear as substructures within a fascinating array of natural products, including the convulutamydines,[1a,b] maremycins,[1c,d] donaxaridines,[1e,f] dioxibrassinins,[1g,h,i] celogentin K,[1j] hydroxyglucoisatisins[1k] and TMC-95A–D (Figure 1).[1l] While catalytic asymmetric additions to isatins are known,[2–6] highly enantioselective catalytic allylation, crotylation and reverse prenylation of isatins has remained elusive. In the course developing hydrogen-mediated C-C couplings beyond hydroformylation,[7–15] chiral ortho-cyclometallated iridium C,O-benzoates were found to catalyze highly enantioselective carbonyl allylation,[14a,b] crotylation[14c] and reverse prenylation[12d] under transfer hydrogenation conditions. In contrast to classical allylation procedures that employ stoichiometric organometallic reagents,[16] transfer hydrogenation protocols exploit allyl acetate, α-methyl allyl acetate and 1,1-dimethylallene as precursors to transient allyl-, crotyl- and prenylmetal intermediates, respectively.[12,14a–c] To further evaluate the scope of this emergent methodology, catalytic enantioselective additions to ketones were explored.[17,18] In this account, we report that activated ketones in the form of substituted isatins are subject to highly enantioselective carbonyl allylation, crotylation and reverse prenylation, constituting a convenient synthesis of optically enriched 3-substituted-3-hydroxy-oxindoles. Figure 1 Examples of naturally occurring 3-substituted-3-hydroxy-oxindoles. Our initial studies focused on the asymmetric allylation of N-benzyl isatin 1a. Using the cyclometallated C,O-benzoate generated in situ from [Ir(cod)Cl]2, BIPHEP and 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid,[14b] the coupling of allyl acetate (1000 mol%) to 1a at 100 °C in THF (0.2 M) delivered the tertiary homoallyl alcohol 2a in 42% isolated yield. Under otherwise identical conditions, but with a lower loading of allyl acetate (200 mol%) and optimization of reaction temperature, reaction time, and concentration, the isolated yield of homoallyl alcohol 2a was increased to 77%. An assay of chelating chiral phosphine ligands was undertaken, which revealed dramatic enhancement in the level of asymmetric induction at lower reaction temperatures. However, lower temperatures also diminished conversion. This impasse was resolved by increasing the loading of isopropanol from 200 mol% to 400 mol%, which enabled conversion of N-benzyl isatin 1a to homoallyl alcohol 2a in 73% isolated yield and 91% enantiomeric excess using CTH-(R)-P-PHOS as ligand. Notably, under analogous conditions employing our initially disclosed iridium catalyst modified by 3-nitrobenzoic acid,[14a,b] 2a is obtained in 61% isolated yield and 90% enantiomeric excess. These data further illustrate how catalyst performance is enhanced through structural variation of the C,O-benzoate moiety. Data pertaining to the optimization of the catalytic enantioselective allylation of N-benzyl isatin 1a is tabulated in the supporting information. Optimal conditions identified for the conversion of N-benzyl isatin 1a to the hydroxy-oxindole 2a were applied to substituted isatins 1a–1g (Table 1). To our delight, the products of ketone allylation 2a–2g were produced in moderate to excellent isolated yield (65–92% yield) with uniformly high levels of optical enrichment (91–96% ee). The absolute stereochemical assignment of adducts 2a–2g are based upon that determined for the 5-bromo-dervative 2b via single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis using the anomalous dispersion method. Table 1 Catalytic enantioselective allylation N-benzyl isatins 1a–1g via iridium catalyzed C-C bond forming transfer hydrogenation. Given these favorable results, the crotylation of substituted isatins 1a–1g was attempted under identical conditions employing α-methyl allyl acetate as the crotyl donor (Table 2). The products of ketone crotylation 3a–3g were produced in moderate to excellent isolated yield (64–87% yield) with moderate to excellent levels of optical enrichment (80–92% ee). In general, crotylation required longer reaction times (Table 2, entries 1, 2, 5–7). Additionally, it was found that lower loadings of Cs2CO3 increased conversion in certain cases. The absolute stereochemical assignment of adducts 3a–3g are based upon that determined for the 5-bromo-dervative 3b via single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis using the anomalous dispersion method. Table 2 Catalytic enantioselective crotylation of N-benzyl isatins 1a–1g via iridium catalyzed C-C bond forming transfer hydrogenation. Finally, the reverse prenylation of substituted isatins 1a–1g was attempted (Table 3). To our delight, adducts 4a–4g were generated in uniformly high isolated yields (70–90% yield) and levels of optical enrichment (90–96 % ee) under mild conditions. Notably, this transformation enables creation of two contiguous quaternary carbon centers. The absolute stereochemical assignment of adducts 4a–4g are based upon that determined for the 5-bromo-dervative 4b via single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis using the anomalous dispersion method. Here, the enantiofacial selectivity of carbonyl addition is opposite to that observed in the case of allylation and crotylation. Table 3 Catalytic enantioselective prenylation of N-benzyl isatins 1a–1g via iridium catalyzed C-C bond forming transfer hydrogenation. The inversion in absolute stereochemistry observed in isatin reverse prenylation merits further explanation. The catalytic mechanism for carbonyl prenylation employing 1,1-dimethylallene is analogous to that previously reported for corresponding allylations and crotylations (Scheme 1, left).14b,c Assuming isatin crotylation occurs through a chair-like transition structure and an (E)-σ-crotyl iridium intermediate, previously proposed absolute stereochemical models agrees with the observed π-facial selectivity with respect to the crotyl partner.14c The latter observation suggests that isatin crotylation occurs by way of transition structure A, whereas isatin prenylation occurs by way of transition structures B. The basis of this partitioning may arise from non-bonded interactions of the axial methyl group of the σ-prenyl iridium intermediate with the amide π-bond of isatin, which is presumably more destabilizing than non-bonded interactions of the axial methyl group with the electron-deficient rim of the arene (Scheme 1, right). Scheme 1 A simplified catalytic mechanism depicting isatin prenylation via transfer hydrogenation (left) and a plausible stereochemical model accounting for the observed inversion in absolute stereochemistry in the prenylation of isatins (right).a In summary, we report the first enantioselective allylations, crotylations and prenylations of isatin, which are achieved via isopropanol-mediated transfer hydrogenation. Unlike conventional allylation methodologies that employ stoichiometric quantities of allylmetal reagents, the present method exploits allyl acetate, α-methyl allyl acetate and 1,1-dimethylallene as precursors to transient allyl-, crotyl- and prenylmetal intermediates, respetively.[12,14a–c] To our knowledge, these studies represent the first examples of catalytic enantioselective ketone allylation, crotylation and prenylation in the absence of stoichiometric allylmetal reagents. Future studies will focus on the development of related C-C bond forming transfer hydrogenations and synthetic applications of the methods reported herein.

Abstract: Mercuric chloride in the presence of mercuric oxide was used to hydrolyse prop-1-enyl ethers of carbohydrates. Under these non-acidic conditions, 4,6-O-benzylidene-D-galactose and 2,3-di-O-benzyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-D-galactose were prepared from the corresponding prop-1-enyl glycosides and a mixture of the anomers of methyl 2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-D-glucofuranoside was prepared from the corresponding 5-O-prop-1′-enyl ether. Acid-catalysed cyclisation of prop-1′-enyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-α-D-galactopyranoside gave 4,6-O-benzylidene-1,2-O-propylidene-D-galactose which was converted into 1,2-O-propylidene-D-galactose. Preferential rearrangement of the 2-O-allyl group in methyl 2,3-di-O-allyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-α-D-glucopyranoside gave methyl 3-O-allyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-O-prop-1′-enyl-α-D-glucopyranoside which was converted into 4,6-O-benzylidene-2-O-methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside. The rearrangement of an allyl group to a prop-1-enyl group in a carbohydrate derivative containing a benzamido-group occurred without hydrolysis of the amide linkage. The elimination of butadiene from 3-methylallyl (crotyl) ethers by the action of potassium t-butoxide in dimethyl sulphoxide suggests that the crotyl ether may provide a useful protecting group in carbohydrate chemistry. The action of potassium t-butoxide in dimethyl sulphoxide on an oxazoline derived from D-glucosamine produced a rearrangement to give an oxazole. The monoprop-1′-enyl ethers of 1,2-diols give 2′-chloromercuripropylidene acetals when treated with mercuric chloride in the presence of mercuric oxide. Reduction of these acetals with sodium borohydride regenerates monoprop-1′-enyl ethers of the glycol.