TL;DR: It is recommended herein that plant-mediated RNA interference into Bt-soybean, and the application of RNA-based pesticides that is complemented by other best agricultural practices such as refuge compliance, and periodic application of low-level insecticides could maximize trait durability in BT- soybean production in the twenty-first century.
Abstract: The most important insect pests causing severe economic damages to soybean (Glycine max L.) production worldwide are Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, Noctuidae), Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hubner, Erebidae), Helicoverpa gelotopoeon (Dyar, Noctuidae), Crocidosema aporema (Walsingham; Tortricidae), Spodoptera albula (Walker, Noctuidae), S. cosmiodes (Walker, Noctuidae), S. eridania (Stoll, Noctuidae), S. frugiperda (Smith; Noctuidae), Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner, Noctuidae), H. zea (Boddie; Noctuidae) and Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera,Platygastidae). Despite the success of biotech Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)/herbicide tolerance (HT)-soybean in the past decade in terms of output, unforeseen mitigated performances have been observed due to changes in climatic events that favors the emergence of insect resistance. Thus, there is a need to develop hybrids with elaborated gene stacking to avert the upsurge in insect field tolerance to crystal (Cry) toxins in Bt-soybean. This study covers the performance of important commercial transgenic soybean developed to outwit destructive insects. New gene stacking soybean events such as Cry1Ac-, Cry1AF- and PAT-soybean (DAS-81419-2®, Conkesta™ technology), and MON-87751-7 × MON-87701–2 × MON 87708 × MON 89788 (bearing Cry1A.105 [Cry1Ab, Cry1F, Cry1Ac], Cry2Ab, Cry1Ac) are being approved and deployed in fields. Following this deployment trend, we recommend herein that plant-mediated RNA interference into Bt-soybean, and the application of RNA-based pesticides that is complemented by other best agricultural practices such as refuge compliance, and periodic application of low-level insecticides could maximize trait durability in Bt-soybean production in the twenty-first century.
TL;DR: Impaired changes in crop morphology, fruit production, yield and harvestability of cotton grown under field conditions, including changes in the location of monopodial branches arising from the main stem, did not significantly affect the harvestability.
Abstract: Damage by the cotton tipworm, Crocidosema plebeiana Zeller, was simulated in field trials by the removal of terminal buds (tipping) at different phenological stages coinciding with tipworm presence on cotton grown in south-eastern Queensland. The effect of this damage was considered in relation to the induced changes in crop morphology, fruit production, yield and harvestability of cotton grown under field conditions. No significant differences in fruit formation and yield were established. There were significant delays in times to 50 per cent flowering and boll opening in plants tipped before squaring had commenced. Changes in the location of monopodial branches arising from the main stem were induced in plants tipped pre-squaring but this did not significantly affect the harvestability.
TL;DR: This survey aimed to determine the insect pests associated with Andean lupin and its parasitoids, under Peruvian central coast conditions with the following methods: linear meter evaluations, plant organ evaluations, pitfall traps, and beating trays.
Abstract: This survey aimed to determine the insect pests associated with Andean lupin ( Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) and its parasitoids, under Peruvian central coast conditions. Sampling was made every seven days with the following methods: linear meter evaluations, plant organ evaluations, pitfall traps, and beating trays. Infested plant organs were taken to the laboratory for adult insect recovery (phytophagous or parasitoids). Pitfall traps and beating tray samples were also processed and stored. During the survey, 14,051 individuals belonging to 11 orders and 91 families were recorded. Insects that infested Andean lupin were Melanagromyza lini Spencer (stem borer), Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (leafminer), Crocidosema aporema (Walsingham) (budborer), Grammopsoides tenuicornis (Casey) (stem borer) and Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (bud and flower thrips). Diglyphus websteri (Crawford), D. begini (Ashmead), Chrysocharis flacilla (Walker), C. caribea Boucek, Chrysocharis sp. and Halticoptera arduine (Walker) were recorded as parasitoids of L. huidobrensis , whereas Carcelia sp. was recorded for C. aporema .
TL;DR: In host-parasitoid interactions, parasitoid efficiency may be increased by different quantity and quality of plant signals.
Abstract: In host-parasitoid interactions, parasitoid efficiency may be increased by different quantity and quality of plant signals. Crocidosema (= Epinotia) aporema ...