Topic
Crew
About: Crew is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5082 publications have been published within this topic receiving 46887 citations.
Papers published on a yearly basis
1 / 2
Papers
1 Oct 1996
TL;DR: Through an analysis of audio and video recordings of the behaviors of real airline flight crews performing in a high fidelity flight simulator, it is demonstrated that the expertise in this system resides not only in the knowledge and skills of the human actors, but in the organization of the tools in the work environment as well.
Abstract: In earlier research on the organization of work, Hutchins developed a theory of distributed cognition that takes as its unit of analysis a culturally constituted functional group rather than an individual mind. This theory is concerned with how information is propagated through a system in the form of representational states of mediating structures. These structures include internal as well as external knowledge representations, (knowledge, skills, tools, etc.). This approach permits us to describe cognitive processes by tracing the movement of information through a system and characterize the mechanisms of the system which carry out the performance, both on the individual and the group level. In this paper we apply this approach to the structure of activity in a commercial airline cockpit. A cockpit provides an opportunity to study the interactions of internal and external representational structure and the distribution of cognitive activity among the members of the crew. Through an analysis of audio and video recordings of the behaviors of real airline flight crews performing in a high fidelity flight simulator we demonstrate that the expertise in this system resides not only in the knowledge and skills of the human actors, but in the organization of the tools in the work environment as well. The analysis reveals a pattern of cooperation and coordination of actions among the crew which on one level can be seen as a structure for propagating and processing information and on another level appears as a system of activity in which shared cognition emerges as a system level property. Copyright © 1995, Edwin Hutchins & Tove Klausen. All rights reserved. Cockpit Cognition 5/18/00 2 Most people who travel frequently by air occasionally find themselves sitting in the passenger cabin wondering what is happening on the other side of the cockpit door. What are the pilots doing, and whatever it is they are doing, are they doing it well? Although we cannot present you with data from an actual flight, we can give you the next best thing: data from an actual airline flight crew performing in a very high fidelity flight simulator. Consider the transcript below. This is taken from a full-mission simulation of a flight from Sacramento, California to Los Angeles, California. It is the second flight of the day for this particular crew. They are about 8 minutes out of Sacramento and are climbing through nineteen thousand feet toward their cruise altitude of thirty three thousand feet. The simulated aircraft is a Boeing 727-200 which requires a crew of three: Captain (Capt), First Officer (F/O) and Second Officer (S/O). We open the cockpit door and peek inside. The Captain has just removed a departure chart from the control yoke and is replacing it in his airway manual. The first officer is flying the plane, monitoring the flight instruments and handling the controls. The second officer has completed his departure paperwork and begins a departure report by radio to the company offices on the ground.
702 citations
9 May 2002
TL;DR: The blizzard of 1887 wiped out Roosevelt's cattle herd and the land was barren.
Abstract: Abstract One of the ranchers who watched the blizzard of 1887 wipe out his herd of cattle was Theodore Roosevelt. In the early 1880s, Roosevelt, a New Yorker, built a ranch in North Dakota’s Badlands, stocked it with animals, and hired two cowboys to oversee his venture. In the spring of 1887, he headed west to check on the status of his 85,000-dollar investment, arriving in the Little Missouri valley only to find that death had beaten him there. He saw cattle carcasses—23 in just a single little spot—and found his once glorious herd reduced to just “a skinny sorry-looking crew.” The ground itself was in no better shape. “The land was a mere barren waste; not a green thing could be seen; the dead grass eaten off till the country looked as if it had been shaved with a razor.”
673 citations
TL;DR: The branch-and-cut solver as discussed by the authors generates cutting planes based on the underlying structure of the polytope defined by the convex hull of the feasible integer points and incorporates these cuts into a tree-search algorithm that uses automatic reformulation procedures, heuristics and linear programming technology to assist in the solution.
Abstract: The crew scheduling problem is one that has been studied almost continually for the past 40 years but all prior approaches have always approximated the problem of finding an optimal schedule for even the smallest of an airline's fleets. The problem is especially important today since costs for flying personnel of major U.S. carriers have grown and now often exceed $1.3 billion a year and are the second largest item next to fuel cost of the total operating cost of major U.S. carriers. Thus even small percentage savings amount to substantial dollar amounts. We present a branch-and-cut approach to solving to proven optimality large set partitioning problems arising within the airline industry. We first provide some background related to this important application and then describe the approach for solving representative problems in this problem class. The branch-and-cut solver generates cutting planes based on the underlying structure of the polytope defined by the convex hull of the feasible integer points and incorporates these cuts into a tree-search algorithm that uses automatic reformulation procedures, heuristics and linear programming technology to assist in the solution. Numerical experiments are reported for a sample of 68 large-scale real-world crew scheduling problems. These problems include both pure set partitioning problems and set partitioning problems with side constraints. These "base constraints" represent contractual labor requirements and have heretofore not been represented explicitly in the construction of crew schedules thus making it impossible to provide any measure of how far the obtained solution was from optimality. An interesting result of obtaining less costly schedules is that the crews themselves are happier with the schedules because they spend more of their duty time flying than waiting on the ground.
599 citations
Book•
1 Jan 1993
TL;DR: The Nature of CRM and Perspectives: R.L. Helmreich and H.G. Johnston, CRM: Cross-Cultural Perspectives.
Abstract: The Nature of CRM: R.L. Helmreich and H.C. Foushee, Why Cockpit Resource Management? Empirical and Theoretical Bases of Human Factors Training in Aviation. J.R. Hackman, Teams, Leaders, and Organizations: New Directions for Crew-oriented Flight Training. R.C. Ginnett, Crews as Groups: Their Formation and Their Leadership. B.G. Kanki and M.T. Palmer, Communication and Crew Resource Management. J.M. Orasanu, Decision-making in the Cockpit. S.E. Gregorich and J.A. Wilhelm, Crew Resource Management Training Assessment. E.L. Wiener, Crew Coordination and Training in the Advanced-Technology Cockpit. R.E. Butler, LOFT: Full-Mission Simulation as Crew Resource Management Training. Perspectives: R.A. Birnbach and T.M. Longridge, The Regulatory Perspective. P.J. Kayten, The Accident Investigator's Perspective. T.R. Chidester, Critical Issues for CRM Training and Research. C. Prince and E. Salas, Training and Research for Teamwork in the Military Aircrew. N. Johnston, CRM: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. H. Yamamori and T. Mito, Keeping CRM Is Keeping the Flight Safe. R.E. Byrnes and R. Black, Developing and Implementing CRM Programs: The Delta Experience. Conclusions: H.W. Orlady, Airline Pilot Training Today and Tomorrow. R.L. Helmreich, E.L. Wiener, and B.G. Kanki, The Future of Crew Resource Management in the Cockpit and Elsewhere. Notes on Contributors. Index.
597 citations
Related Topics (5)
Performance Metrics
| Year | Papers |
|---|---|
| 2026 | 2 |
| 2025 | 264 |
| 2024 | 375 |
| 2023 | 828 |
| 2022 | 1,155 |
| 2021 | 197 |