TL;DR: The ecological role of proviverrines between the continents was remarkable different, while they showed a large diversity especially in size in Europe, they were restricted to weights lower than 10 kg in North America.
TL;DR: The early Miocene deposits of the Rotem and Yeroham basins in the Negev district of Israel have yielded 19 taxa of fossil mammals, of which two are new species: Gazella negevensis (Bovidae) and cf. D. pigotti as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The early Miocene deposits of the Rotem and Yeroham basins in the Negev district of Israel have yielded 19 taxa of fossil mammals, of which two are new species: Gazella negevensis (Bovidae) and cf. Anasinopa haasi (Creodonta, Hyaenodontidae). This is the only early Miocene record of vertebrates from the southern Levant, with many typically African taxa including: Prodeinotherium sp., cf. Canthumeryx syrtensis, Dorcatherium cf. D. pigotti, Dorcatherium cf. D. chappuisi, Megapedetes cf. M. pentadactylus, Kenyalagomys sp., Crocodylus cf. C. pigotti, and Lates sp. (Teleostei). Owing to a quasi-spatial isolation of Gebel Zelten (Libya), Gebel Moghara (Egypt), Rusinga, Songhor (and others in East Africa), Bugti Hills (Pakistan) and the Negev, for which a general contemporaneity is suggested, endemism in these sites is relatively high, reflecting their different environments rather than heterochroneity. Hence similarity between these remote and rapidly changing regions was mainly based on congeneric lev...
TL;DR: The discovery of Lahimia provides direct evidence for the antiquity of the African evolution of the Hyaenodontidae and the Koholiinae, which is representative of an old African endemic lineage, as initially recognized, is characterized by synapomorphies of LahIMia and Boualitomus, and also by a shared original prevallum/postvallid shearing.