Corynactis

Abstract: Species of Corallimorpharia collected during the CANCAP expeditions in the south-eastern part of the North Atlantic are described and discussed, altogether five species belonging to three genera of Corallimorphidae: the shallow water forms Corynactis viridis Allman, 1846, Pseudocorynactis caribbeorum den Hartog, 1980, and P. caboverdensis spec. nov., and the deep-sea forms Corallimorphus cf. atlanticus Carlgren, 1934, and C. ingens Gravier, 1918. The taxonomic status of the representatives of the genus Corynactis Allman, 1846, is discussed. All temperate to subtropical species described so far belong to a group of closely related allopatric taxa forming the Corynactis viridis-complex, possibly representing a single species only. The colours of Corynactis viridis sensu stricto (i.e. the species occurring in the Mediterranean and the south-eastern North Atlantic) are quite variable throughout its distributional range, but not necessarily so in any given area within this range. In the Canary Islands orange to orange-brown forms predominate, suggesting a considerable degree of genetic isolation of at least this population. Noticeable sympatric variation is shown to occur in the cnidom of Corynactis viridis, notably with respect to the presence of penicilli D in the column. This variation ranges from the condition in which there are two distinct, about equally common size classes, to the condition in which the largest sizeclass is totally absent. These extremes are connected by a gradual range of intermediates in which the large category varies in frequency. The small size-class is invariably present in significant numbers, as a rule rather to very common. Pseudocorynactis caribbeorum, so far exclusively known from the Caribbean, is recorded for the first time from the eastern Atlantic Canary Islands. A second species, P. caboverdensis spec. nov., tentatively included in this genus, is reported from the Cape Verde Islands. An atypical variety of penicilli D, present in some species of the genus Corallimorphus Moseley, 1877, reminescent of, and previously confused with penicilli E (= "classical holotrichs") is described and depicted for C. atlanticus. The discovery of this variety challenges the conception that the tube of the "classical holotrichs" should be regarded as a shaft, stamping them as penicilli (= p-mastigophores or p-rhabdoids) as advocated by Cutress (1955) and den Hartog (1980). The ontogenetic development of the tentacular arrangement of Corallimorphus ingens is discussed, and speculations are presented on the feeding habits of Corallimorphus spp. and Nectactis singularis Gravier, 1918. Sideractis glacialis Danielssen, 1890, previously recorded from subarctic and arctic latitudes in the eastern Atlantic, is here reported for the first time from the Mediterranean. It was also not previously known that this species is capable of asexual reproduction by pedal laceration and that its tentacular acrospheres are characterized by the presence of atrichs sensu stricto, a nematocyst type so far only reported from a limited number of species of Actiniaria. Sideractis glacialis and Nectactis singularis representing the only two species contained in the family Sideractidae Danielssen, 1890, are transferred to the Corallimorphidae R. Hertwig, 1882, implicitly degrading Sideractidae to a subjective junior synonym of Corallimorphidae.

Abstract: The Corallimorpharia are a group of softbodied anthozoans closely related to the scleractinian corals. Although numerous reports have documented the agonistic behaviors of actiniarians and hard corals, only Chadwick (1987) has shown such behaviors in a corallimorph (Corynactis california). The following investigation confirms the use of inducible aggressive structures in space competition in the laboratory and in the field by Discosoma sanctithomae. This tropical corallimorph used both modified marginal tentacles and mesenterial filaments to damage adjacent scleractinians. All colonies of Agaricia agaricites transplanted near D. sanctithomae were damaged. Initially, D. sanctithomae adjacent to Meandrina meandrites were severely wounded. However, 67% recovered and retaliated within a one to six month period, causing damage to M. meandrina that persisted for at least twelve months.

Abstract: Little attention has been given to associational refuges in ecology, despite their potential for maintaining species diversity and supporting higher trophic levels. Here I show how the colonial anemone, Corynactis californica, creates a refuge for benthic macroalgae and invertebrate fish prey on intensively grazed shallow rocky reefs in the Santa Barbara Channel off southern California, USA. On reefs heavily grazed by sea urchins, benthic macroalgae and invertebrate fish prey were relatively more abundant among Corynactis colonies than adjacent areas lacking the anemone. Results from field experiments showed that Corynactis facilitated the recruitment of macroalgae and tubicolous amphipods in “urchin-barren” areas subjected to intensive grazing. In areas forested by giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera), where grazing intensity from urchins was low, Corynactis suppressed algal recruitment but facilitated tubicolous amphipods. A manipulation of fish and sea urchins suggested that grazing by urchins, as opposed...