TL;DR: The expansion histories of two South American species of Cortaderia, similar in morphology but differing profoundly in their breeding systems, were compared in California, USA, finding that sexual C.selloana has expanded spatially at twice the rate of the asexual C.jubata.
Abstract: Summary
1
The expansion histories of two South American species of Cortaderia, similar in morphology but differing profoundly in their breeding systems, were compared in California, USA.
2
Both species were introduced to California in the mid-1800s, but herbarium records indicate that the sexual C. selloana has expanded spatially at twice the rate of the asexual C. jubata.
3
The invasiveness of C. selloana has increased over time, whereas that of C. jubata has remained relatively constant. Populations of C. selloana now occupy more vegetation types and more non-ruderal habitats than C. jubata.
4
Populations of C. selloana have experienced directional morphological change, whereas the morphology of C. jubata has been constant over the 90 years for which preserved specimens are available.
5
The invasion of an alien species appears to be a malleable process, rather than a singular event. Species traits, such as inbreeding, can be advantageous at some stages but disadvantageous at others. Alien species also adjust over time to the novel and diverse selective regimes that they encounter as they expand spatially. Sexual species may have a greater ability to adjust to diverse selective landscapes relative to asexual species.
TL;DR: The South American species of Cortaderia naturalised in New Zealand are C. selloana and another species, probably C. atacamensis, which occurs here as female plants only and reproduces freely by seed produced in an autonomous apomictic process.
Abstract: Summary The South American species of Cortaderia naturalised in New Zealand are C. selloana and another species, probably C. atacamensis. The genus has long been considered dioecious, but C. selloana is gynodioecious as are the three species indi~enous to New Zealand. In the populations of C. sel/oana examined in New Zealand the ratio of hermaphrodites to females is 1:1. Cortaderia atacamensis occurs here as female plants only and reproduces freely by seed produced in an autonomous apomictic process. Gynodioecism is reported in the South American species C. pilosa and C. araucana.
TL;DR: Phylogenetic relationships of the whole Poaceae family inferred from the sequence data of rDNA (ITS) support the hypothesis that the arundinoids are monophyletic, not polyphyletic as previously proposed.
Abstract: Phylogenetic relationships of the whole Poaceae family inferred from the sequence data of rDNA (ITS) support the hypothesis that the arundinoids are monophyletic, not polyphyletic as previously proposed. The ITS sequence phylogeny of 42 arundinoid species demonstrates an early divergence of the Aristideae and three major groupings, corresponding loosely to the tribes Aristideae, Arundineae and Danthonieae. The Arundineae are resolved into two paraphyletic clades. In one clade, Arundo, Monachather, and Dregeochloa are the sister group to Amphipogon and Diplopogon. In the other clade, Phragmites, Molinia, Gynerium, Thysanolaena, Spartochloa, and Cyperochloa are the sister group to Eriachne and Micraira. Arundo is not closely related to Phragmites. The Danthonieae clade, including taxa from Africa, Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, the South American Cortaderia, and the North American Danthonia, appears to be monophyletic. However, the genus Merxmuellera is polyphyletic.
TL;DR: The genus is gynodioecious though in some species of Section Cortaderia only female plants are found, and recent treatments of the genus are substantially upheld.
Abstract: All valid names in Cortaderia Stapf (nom. cons.) are typified and recent treatments of the genus are substantially upheld. Taxa in Section Cortaderia are more precisely defined with no major nomenclatural changes except that C. jubata (Lem.) Stapf is regarded as the valid name for plants formerly known as "C. quila (Nees) Stapf". In Section Bifida, C. aristata and C. trianae are regarded as synonyms of C. bifida, and C. sodiroana as synonymous with C. nitida; C. minima is regarded as a synonym of C. pilosa. The new combination C. archboldii (Hitchcock) Connor and Edgar is based on Danthonia archboldii from New Guinea. The genus is gynodioecious though in some species of Section Cortaderia only female plants are found.
TL;DR: The hypothesis that disturbances are essential for the persistence and expansion of Cortaderia sellona is supported, which can contribute to redirect land management options.