TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the performance of a single application of glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) for control of winter annuals growing in dormant bermudagrass.
Abstract: The control of winter annuals in dormant bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. ‘Common’] has not been consistent with available herbicides. Experiments were conducted to evaluate rates and number of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] applications for control of winter annuals growing in dormant bermudagrass. Glyphosate applied as a single treatment at 0.6 kg/ha consistently controlled more parsley-piert (Alchemilla microcorpa Boissier Reuter), corn speedwell (Veronica arvensis L.), and henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.) than paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) or combination treatments of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid) + mecoprop 2[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy] propionic acid + dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid). There was no difference between glyphosate and paraquat control of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) and common chickweed [Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo]. Glyphosate treatments did not injure the bermudagrass the following spring.
TL;DR: All herbicides injured bermudagrass more when applied to semi-dormant turf in March than to dormant turf in January or February and Weed control was not influenced by dates and interval of repeated treatments.
Abstract: Several herbicides were applied in January, February, and March with a comparison of the intervals of treatment of 2 and 4 weeks after the initial treatment each month for postemergence control of winter annual weeds in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) turf. Glyphosphate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycinel treatments applied at 2-week intervals with the initial treatment made in January or February controlled a higher percentage of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) than when applied in March. Hop clover (Trifolium agrarium L.) control was also higher when glyphosate was initially applied in January or February than when applied in March regardless of time interval between first and second treatment. Combination treatments of (a) 2,4-D ((2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid) + dicamba (3,6-dichloro- o-anisic acid) and (b) 2,4 -D + mecoprop 2- (4-chloro-o -tolyl)oxyl propionic acid f + dicamba applied at 2-week intervals with the initial treatment mad in January or February controlled more corn speedwell (Veronica arvensis L.) and hop clover than when applied in March. Highest henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.) control was obtained from the combination 2,4-D treatments made at 4-week intervals when initial treatment was made in February and March. Weed control was not influenced by dates and interval of repeated treatments with either paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium ion) or atrazine (2-chloro- 4- (ethylamino) -6- (isopropylamino) -s -triazine I treatments. Germina - tion and regrowth of weeds were greater in plots treated with glypho- sate and paraquat initially in January or February than other herbicide- treated plots. Weeds were not reestablished in any of the atrazine- treated plots. Paraquat and combinations of 2,4-D + dicamba or 2,4-D + mecoprop + dicamba injured bermudagrass when applied initially in January and February even though they were applied to turf that appeared dormant. All herbicides injured bermudagrass more when applied to semi-dormant turf in March than to dormant turf in January or February. Atrazine affected bermudagrass less than any of the other herbicides tested when initial treatment was applied in March to semi- dormant turf. Additional index words. Turfgrass tolerance, residual control, regrowth of weeds, semi-dormant turf, dormant turf.
TL;DR: Control of annual broadleaf winter weeds in dormant bermudagrass by a variety of herbicides was examined and metribuzin was the only tested herbicide that controlled all weed species consistently with a single treatment.
Abstract: Control of annual broadleaf winter weeds in dormant bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 'Common'] by a variety of herbicides was examined. Nearly all treatments allowed good to excellent control of spur weed (Soliva sessilis P. and K.). Metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-astriazine-5(4H)onel was the only tested herbicide that controlled all weed species consistently with a single treatment. Bentazon [3-isopropyl-lH-2,,1,3-benzothiadiazin-(4) 3H-one 2,2-dioxide] applied alone as single or repeated treatments controlled spur weed, parsley-piert (Alchemilla microcorpa Boissier Reuter), and chickweed [Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillol, but a combination of bentazon and silvex [2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid] were needed for acceptable control of henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.) and corn speedwell (Veronica arvensis L.). None of the herbicide treatments affected green-up of bermudagrass the following spring.