TL;DR: Coprosma robusta formed phycomycetous mycorrhizas in unsteamed forest soil and grew equally well with or without added phosphate, and in steamed soil it did not grow unless phosphate was added.
Abstract: Coprosma robusta formed phycomycetous mycorrhizas in unsteamed forest soil and grew equally well with or without added phosphate. In steamed soil it did not grow unless phosphate was added. Of the other species tested (Leptospermum scoparium, Solanum nigrum, Lolium perenne, Hakea enkiantha, Histiopteris incisa, Marchantia berteroana) most formed mycorrhizas in unsteamed soil, but all grew better in steamed soil. The dry matter of the mycorrhizal Coprosma seedlings contained the highest concentration of phosphorus, but the relatively large plants that the other species produced in steamed soil contained a greater total quantity. It is suggested that this entered mainly through their extensive root hairs (or rhizoids), and that lack of root hairs in Coprosma and other woody species explains their need for added phosphate when mycorrhizas are not formed.
TL;DR: The diversity of pollen types recovered from the clothing in this case provides further evidence of the usefulness of clothing in picking up and retaining pollen from crime scenes and that obvious staining on clothes is not a pre-requisite for good pollen recovery.
TL;DR: Fossils of 134 taxa attributed to the Rubiaceae are described or mentioned in 115 publications dating from 1850 and from deposits as old as the Cretaceous and Paleocene, indicating close scrutiny of these records indicates that the oldest and most likely (accepted) representatives of the family are four genera.
Abstract: Fossils of 134 taxa attributed to the Rubiaceae are described or mentioned in 115 publications dating from 1850 and from deposits as old as the Cretaceous and Paleocene. Close scrutiny of these records indicates, however, that the oldest and most likely (accepted) representatives of the family are four genera, Emmenopterys Oliv. from the Middle Eocene of Oregon and Washington, U.S.A., Faramea Aubl. from the Late Eocene of Panama, and Guettarda L. (cf. as †Guettardidites; †= fossil taxon) and Canthium Lam. (as †Rubipollis oblatus) from the Late Eocene of Australia, and a probable fifth genus, the alternate-leaved †Paleorubiaceophyllum eocenicum from the Middle Eocene of Tennessee/Kentucky, U.S.A. The record represents three subfamilies (Rubioideae, Ixoroideae, Cinchonoideae) from three widely separated geographic regions, implying an earlier origin in the Late Cretaceous or Paleocene. From the Oligocene, there are six accepted genera, Coprosma J. R. Forst. & G. Forst., Coprosma–Opercularia, Farame...
TL;DR: Somatic chromosome numbers are documented for 59 taxa, including three ornamental cultivars, in 20 genera and 15 families from the New Zealand region.
Abstract: Somatic chromosome numbers are documented for 59 taxa, including three ornamental cultivars, in 20 genera and 15 families from the New Zealand region. Chromosome counts are also provided for Australian and Norfolk Island representatives of Coprosma (two species) and Melicytus/Hymenanthera (four taxa).
TL;DR: It is concluded that it is dubious whether the tribe Anthospermeae is monophyletic including Carpacoce, and that the group was spread by long-distance dispersal to north-eastern Antarctica.
Abstract: Phylogeny of the tribe Anthospermeae is estimated on the basis of nucleotide sequence variation in the ITS region (nuclear ribosomal DNA) and the rps16 intron (plastid DNA). It is concluded that it is dubious whether the tribe is monophyletic including Carpacoce. If Carpacoce does belong to the tribe, then it is the sister group of all other genera. There is no support for the traditional subdivision of the tribe into three subtribes. Anthospermum, Galopina, Nenax and Phyllis form one strongly supported subclade. Coprosma, Durringtonia, Leptostigma, Nertera, Normandia, Opercularia and Pomax form another subclade in all most parsimonious trees, but this subclade lacks jackknife support. Opercularia and Pomax, referred to the subtribe Operculariinae, form a basal grade of this second group. However, trees on which Operculariinae are monophyletic are only one step longer than the most parsimonious ones. Normandia is deeply nested within Coprosma. The subdivision of Coprosma into two subgenera is shown to be artificial. It is suggested that the ancestral area of Anthospermeae is Africa, and that the group was spread by long-distance dispersal to north-eastern Antarctica. It is further suggested that occurrences in Hawaii, Tristan da Cunha, and America are due to long-distance dispersal at a time much later than primary cladogenesis. Sndoo n s P o er C e e