TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a three-component model of organizational commitment, which integrates emotional attachment, identification with, and involvement in the organization, and the normative component refers to employees' feelings of obligation to remain with the organization.
Abstract: Organizational commitment has been conceptualized and measured in various ways. The two studies reported here were conducted to test aspects of a three-component model of commitment which integrates these various conceptualizations. The affective component of organizational commitment, proposed by the model, refers to employees' emotional attachment to, identification with, and involvement in, the organization. The continuance component refers to commitment based on the costs that employees associate with leaving the organization. Finally, the normative component refers to employees' feelings of obligation to remain with the organization. In Study 1, scales were developed to measure these components. Relationships among the components of commitment and with variables considered their antecedents were examined in Study 2. Results of a canonical correlation analysis suggested that, as predicted by the model, the affective and continuance components of organizational commitment are empirically distinguishable constructs with different correlates. The affective and normative components, although distinguishable, appear to be somewhat related. The importance of differentiating the components of commitment, both in research and practice, is discussed.
TL;DR: The results suggest that users' continuance intention is determined by their satisfaction with IS use and perceived usefulness of continued IS use, and that post-acceptance perceived usefulness is influenced by users' confirmation level.
Abstract: This paper examines cognitive beliefs and affect influencing one's intention to continue using (continuance) information systems (IS). Expectation-confirmation theory is adapted from the consumer behavior literature and integrated with theoretical and empirical findings from prior IS usage research to theorize a model of IS continuance. Five research hypotheses derived from this model are empirically validated using a field survey of online banking users. The results suggest that users' continuance intention is determined by their satisfaction with IS use and perceived usefulness of continued IS use. User satisfaction, in turn, is influenced by their confirmation of expectation from prior IS use and perceived usefulness. Post-acceptance perceived usefulness is influenced by users' confirmation level. This study draws attention to the substantive differences between acceptance and continuance behaviors, theorizes and validates one of the earliest theoretical models of IS continuance, integrates confirmation and user satisfaction constructs within our current understanding of IS use, conceptualizes and creates an initial scale for measuring IS continuance, and offers an initial explanation for the acceptance-discontinuance anomaly.
TL;DR: This paper conducted meta-analyses to assess relations among affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization and relations between the three forms of commitment and variables identified as their antecedents, correlates, and consequences in Meyer and Allen's (1991) Three-Component Model.
TL;DR: Although some empirical questions remain at issue, the overall results strongly support the continued use of the scales in substantive research.
TL;DR: According to the side-bet theory of organizational commitment, commitment (referred to here as continuance commitment) increases with the accumulation of side bets or investments as discussed by the authors, and two studies were conducted to demonstrate that both the instruments used to measure commitment (viz, Ritzer-Tnce, R-T, and HrebimakAlutto, H-A, scales) and the side bet indexes (i.e., age and tenure) used in previous tests of this theory are inappropriate for that purpose.
Abstract: According to the side-bet theory of organizational commitment, commitment (referred to here as continuance commitment) increases with the accumulation of side bets or investments. Two studies were conducted to demonstrate that both the instruments used to measure commitment (viz , Ritzer-Tnce, R-T, and HrebimakAlutto, H-A, scales) and the side-bet indexes (viz., age and tenure) used in previous tests of this theory are inappropriate for that purpose In Study 1 subjects read scenarios in which an employee was described as being high or low in continuance commitment and high or low m affective commitment (i.e., emotional attachment) and responded to several commitment instruments as they felt the employee would respond. As expected, the continuance commitment manipulation accounted for a relatively small portion of the variance in the R-T and H-A scale scores, whereas the affective commitment manipulation accounted for a substantially larger portion The continuance manipulation did, however, account for large a portion of the variance in scores on an author-developed continuance commitment scale (CCS). In Study 2, 130 employees from several administrative departments of a large university completed the same commitment instruments. As predicted, the R-T and H-A scales correlated significantly with measures of affective commitment but not with the CCS. Also as predicted, age and tenure correlated with the R-T and H-A scales and with the affective commitment measures but not with the CCS. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for future investigation of the side-bet theory.