Connotation

Abstract: It is of great importance to build an evaluation index system for the construction of resource-efficient society. With fully understanding connotation of resource-efficient society, in this paper, the concept and connotation of resource-efficient society was explained. An evaluation index system of resource-efficient society was built - the "543 index system", including five kinds of resources, four processes of resource circle utilization, three layers and 70 indexes in total. An evaluation frame of quantifying single index and synthesizing multiple index is put forward. We explore the connotation of the resource-efficient society and build an evaluation index system, thus grading the resource-efficient society can be done.

Abstract: Abstract ‘Democracy’ is a European invention and concept with its roots in the political systems of the ancient Greek city-states. It has a variety of meanings, the most important of which for modern states are direct or participatory demo¬ cracy1 and representative or liberal democracy (Held 1987). In its modern connotation it owes much to the philosophies of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment with their exalted role of the individual (Mendras 1997), but also to the doctrine of the separation of powers in thinkers such as Montesquieu. This latter doctrine found its fullest institutional expression in the new United States of America and formed the basis of the American Constitution, drafted in 1787, with the separation of the different arms of representative and executive government and the judiciary.

Abstract: Introduction The Nepali word calākh1, in English ‘clever, astute’, could be used as a compliment to praise someone else’s ability to think quickly. Nowadays, however, it is rare to hear the word being used in such a positive manner in the Kathmandu Valley. Instead, since calākh can also be translated with the English word ‘cunning’, it is typically used to refer to those who cunningly deceive others for their own benefit. This negative connotation of the word calākh is frequently used by those who belong to the lower castes to accuse the natures of the two major groups of the high castes in the Nepalese caste system, the Brahman, colloquially called the Bahun2, and the Chettri. According to folk narratives and stories, especially those among Janajatis, the indigenous people of the lower caste (e.g. Caplan 1970, Holmberg 1989, Tachibana 2009), these groups have traditionally been considered as cunning in various areas across Nepal. Today, it is the negative connotation of the word calākh that is most frequently used to refer to and accuse their character in the Kathmandu Valley. While some ethnographers, such as Parish (1996) and Tachibana (2009), have made reference to the word in their respective works, they have not paid much attention to its negative meaning. Thus, in this article, I shall consider the accusation of calākh. It should be noted that the word calākh is not the only word which

Abstract: Due to the large scale and the complex cultural structure, the Great Site can be easily affected during the process of city development, which leads to an imbalance and inequality trend from the regional perspective. Based on the research about conservation and utilization of the linear heritage at home and abroad, the theoretical basis and method of heritage corridor planning in the Western Han Dynasty Mausoleums were discussed in this paper. The current research on the heritage corridor is mainly concerning the legacy which is in the linear form itself, such as the Canal and the Wall, etc. There are few studies on constructing the heritage corridor by connecting the heritage points with linear characteristics. Based on the analysis of the basic conditions about the heritage corridor construction, this paper determines the theoretical frame-work of heritage corridor construction from the aspects of concept connotation, system elements and planning system. Based on the theoretical framework, the planning area was determined through suitability analysis. At the same time, the construction path of the heritage corridor was studied from the three aspects of Patch-Corridor-Matrix. It aims to strengthen the interaction between the Great Site and the surrounding area by the planning, so as to promote the heritage activation, as well as the development of the region.