Connotation

Abstract: Innovation and entrepreneurship education (IEE) is a powerful driving force to promote the transformation and development of college education and an effective way to broaden the employment channels. However, IEE has been used to train students in classrooms by college managers who do not systematically think of practical training for innovation and entrepreneurship talents. There are still many difficulties in the process of development of IEE that managers cannot ignore. The relevant models that could deeply analyze the connotation of IEE were established through the game theory that explained the game balance among government, universities, and students in the IEE process. A game theory model explained the external game behavior of universities and students and the internal game behavior between students. Another model analyzed the strategies of players pursuing maximum payoffs from the perspective of both sides of the game and the influences of these strategies on the players. The problems in the process of IEE development are concluded including imperfect management system, unscientific curriculum design, nonideal talent training and unprofessional teachers. Based on it, the development path of IEE is explored through the game concept. A scientific and leading system of management and evaluation is needed to put forward by strengthening the top-level design at the national level, and a win-win game situation between colleges and students will be achieved by the optimized education system.

Abstract: Workplace ostracism refers to the act of being excluded,rejected and ignored by others in the workplace perceived by employees.Based on a review of the literature,this paper analyzes the connotation of workplace ostracism and introduces corresponding measurement instruments.Then it studies the influencing factors in aspects of the excluded and environments of exclusion occurrence,and the effects of workplace ostracism including the psychological and behavioral consequences of employees,and discusses the moderators and mediators of workplace ostracism.Finally,it points out the shortcomings of previous research and the directions in future research in order to provide references for follow-up research.

Abstract: This report reviews the social patterns and cultural tradition in Samoa, and how these may affect national development. It shares similarities with the paper on Tonga in the same series, both using a common conceptual framework. Culture, even though modified by historical and colonial experience, is a salient feature in Samoa's national life, exerting profound influences on national policies. The paper analyzes three general concepts in an attempt to outline the ambiguities characterizing the social and political contexts. First, attention is given to the socio-political domain concept, where traditional ideas of rank permeate notions of political authority, and the very nature of social, political, and cultural facts shape the course of economic development. Secondly, on the socio-economic status concept, it is suggested that the tension between the four level groups, provides a socio-political dynamic, which may drive towards better amenities and higher standards of living. Finally, the report reviews the traditional enterprise concept, defined as economic activities in pursuit of material well-being, thus portrayed in negative terms. It is this negative connotation which obscures the overall development process in Pacific island countries.