TL;DR: For centuries, there has been a fear that the unchecked rule by the people would be anarchic and turn into tyranny as discussed by the authors, and there has always been an undercurrent that it is neither viable nor desirable to think that a workable democracy can involve the active participation of all the people.
Abstract: We tend to forget that the word “democracy” has had a negative connotation through most of its long history. The Greek word demokratia means rule by the demos, the populace, the common people. For centuries, there has been a fear that the unchecked rule by the people would be anarchic and turn into tyranny. The Founding Fathers of the United States did not think of themselves as creating a democracy, but rather a new republic . The elaborate system of checks and balances, as well as the Bill of Rights, were intended to counter the abuses of unrestrained democracy. Only in the nineteenth century did the word “democracy” begin to take on a positive connotation, although Alexis de Tocqueville - the most perceptive commentator on American democracy - warned about the many dangers that it confronted. And John Stuart Mill, the great liberal thinker, was worried about the tendency of democratic societies to foster mediocrity. There has always been an undercurrent, even by champions of democracy, that it is neither viable nor desirable to think that a workable democracy can involve the active participation of all the people. Today, the word “democracy” has such a positive aura, and elicits such a powerful emotional response, that we rarely think about what we really mean by democracy.
TL;DR: The authors collected 241 separate advertisements from 61 financial institutions published in the Financial Times over the period January-December 2008 and read across the ensemble of ads for themes and evocative images, sketching an outline in symbolic space as it were, providing an impression of the financial imaginaries created by these organizations as the global financial crisis unfolded.
Abstract: Over the period January-December 2008 we collected 241 separate advertisements from 61 financial institutions published in the Financial Times. Reading across the ensemble of ads for themes and evocative images, sketching an outline in symbolic space as it were, provides an impression of the financial imaginaries created by these organizations as the global financial crisis unfolded. In using the term ‘phantasmagoria’ we move beyond its colloquial sense of a set of strange images designed to dazzle, towards the more technical connotation used by Ranciere (2004) who suggested that words and images can offer a trace of an overall determining set-up if they are torn from their obviousness so they become phantasmagoric figures. The latter connotation encourages a search for dissonances, juxtapositions and contradictions in particular imaginaries and is thus close to Jameson’s (1998, 2007) notion of dialectical criticism. Such an approach is a response to the realization that too much has been ceded too readily to powerful naturalizing forces which have made certain aspects of the recent period of ‘capitalism in crisis’ very hard to question.
TL;DR: The authors defend Freire's position against one well-developed critique (by James Paul Gee), and consider some of the implications of the Freirean view for moral educators, arguing that a distinction needs to be drawn between transmitting a political or moral view and doing this in a dogmatic way.
Abstract: This article addresses some of the philosophical issues arising from debates over "political correctness" and "great books" in the early 1990s. Partly as a result of these battles, the notion of "correctness" now carries a highly pejorative connotation. The author suggests that a distinction needs to be drawn between (a) transmitting a political or moral view and (b) doing this in a dogmatic way. For one well-known educational figure, Paulo Freire, a "correct" approach to moral matters is a "critical" one. Freire believes certain moral values-those associated with the promotion of questioning, dialogue and reflective human activity, for example-ought to be promoted in all educational settings. His approach in conveying this ideal is, however, profoundly anti-dogmatic. This article defends Freire's position against one well-developed critique (by James Paul Gee), and considers some of the implications of the Freirean view for moral educators.
TL;DR: The key aspect of this method is that it is the first unified approach that assigns the polarity of both word and sense-level connotations, exploiting the innate bipartite graph structure encoded in WordNet.
Abstract: We introduce ConnotationWordNet, a connotation lexicon over the network of words in conjunction with senses. We formulate the lexicon induction problem as collective inference over pairwise-Markov Random Fields, and present a loopy belief propagation algorithm for inference. The key aspect of our method is that it is the first unified approach that assigns the polarity of both wordand sense-level connotations, exploiting the innate bipartite graph structure encoded in WordNet. We present comprehensive evaluation to demonstrate the quality and utility of the resulting lexicon in comparison to existing connotation and sentiment lexicons.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors define the connotation of the traditional village space gene, which refers not only to a space combination model, but also the basic inheritance unit of the sustainable development of traditional villages.
Abstract: Traditional villages are the place where national culture is nurtured and inherited. Due to the acceleration of urbanization, the protective exploitation of traditional villages is an urgency in many regions of the world. Under the perspective of the “Space Gene”, we define the connotation of the traditional village space gene, which refers not only to a space combination model, but also the basic inheritance unit of the sustainable development of traditional villages. We further propose the Quantitative Inheritance System Model of Traditional Village Space Genes, which reveals the logic behind the formation of traditional village material forms and builds a quantitative index system for traditional village forms. We take Shibadong Village as an example to prove the model. The results demonstrate that although the four camps in Shibadong Village belong to the same ethnic group and the same village, there are still apparent differences in morphological features. Through the model, we can turn from the “built form” research from the perspective of material space to the “deep structure” research behind it, which can provide scientific guidance for the planning and designs of traditional villages to inherit the history and culture and to protect the diversity of world culture.