Connotation

Abstract: Administrators in institutions of higher education in Turkey are discussing the innovative concept of internationalization—a term historically associated with specific international programs and student exchanges. Today, it has a broader meaning related to strategic initiatives for global effectiveness. This article summarizes the findings of a comparative case study of the diffusion of internationalization at two universities located in Ankara, Turkey, using triangulated data gathering techniques; it also suggests a synthesized definition of internationalization (often confused with globalization and carries a negative connotation for some) based on the work of leading researchers of internationalization with an emphasis on the need for international interdependence, which institutions of higher learning in Turkey need to remain relevant in today’s global context.

Abstract: Nineteenth century legal historians believed that just as language and customs were the product of a nation’s past history and cultural mentality, so were their laws. This proposition is correct in the following sense: as essential elements of a culture, law and language both in their own way reflect the distinguishing features of the overall culture. Anytime one language is translated into another language, one often encounters the problem of the translation failing to accurately express the original meaning. This problem arises from neither the level of the translator’s proficiency in grasping and using a language nor the inherent expressiveness of a language, but rather it is simply that it is impossible to find an appropriate word that corresponds to the meaning of the other word. These difficulties in translation are a reflection of historical and cultural differences. Perhaps the subtle lin- guistic barriers created by these differences can never be eliminated. Taking the proposition that language will always be the product of a specific history and culture as a starting point, we can proceed to a more meaningful examination: through the creation, evolution and definition of their form and meaning, words have come to encompass specific social phenomena. Furthermore, a new understanding of these words is provided through their connotation as reflected in the historical and cultural characteristics expressed in these social phenomena. Through this process, a few words with which we are familiar will take on a fresh new significance, and our knowledge of interrelated social phenomena can also be further deepened. This process is expanded upon below, and a word with which everyone is very familiar (at least people believe so) has been taken as the starting point for this process: “law.”

Abstract: Though it has become conventional to refer to the “new cosmopolitanisms” when discussing the resurgence of the term in the 1990s, current debates about cosmopolitanism can be traced back to its usages in the nineteenth century. In both its Victorian and contemporary contexts, cosmopolitanism ranges in connotation from the pejorative to the progressive and in denotation from a phenomenon to an ideal. This constitutive ambivalence helps to explain the controversy that has attended the term, both then and now.

Abstract: Shifting from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0, the digital transformation (DT) has encouraged new debates on human skills as opposed to technologies. It has delivered positive and negative perspectives, focusing on the dilemma of how human skills can influence the DT. The present research explores human skills in the entrepreneurial world, considering its three main forms of creativity, innovation and entrepreneurial spirit in relation to the DT. This has mostly occurred in the knowledge-intensive business service (KIBS) industry in which humans have a predominant role. Under the lens of social cognitive theory, this study has examined a range of 370 KIBS companies across different sectors in Europe and the resulting individual creativity and innovation represent a (motivator) or a catalyst, which drives and nurtures DT. Theoretically, a new concept emerges, namely digital humanism, which involves emphasizing the relevance of human skills. Moreover, the study suggests that governments and policymakers encourage creative working activities by exploiting technologies to develop innovations. In this sense, technologies assume a positive connotation, leveraged by entrepreneurship knowledge-intensive business service; digital humanism; Creativity; Digital transformation; entrepreneurial spirit.