Connotation

Abstract: Ideology is the final connotation of the totality of connotations of the sign or the context of signs. (Umberto Eco, 1971, p. 83)Interest in and discussion of the mass media has come from a variety of theoretical and disciplinary sources. Within these wide-ranging and sometimes contradictory approaches, the analysis of media messages has been seen as of varying importance. American concern with mass communications has tended to focus on a model of communication which stressed the relationships between the individuals involved. In this tradition the communication process was conceived of as a relationship between a sender of messages on the one hand and a receiver of messages on the other. The mass communication process merely converted the receiver from being one to being many individuals. Given this image of the workings of the mass media, the attention of researchers was directed at the psychological dispositions of the producers of mass media messages and at the effects of the message on the members of the audience. The analysis of the meaning of media messages came to be subsumed in these areas of study. Moreover, early Marxist studies of the media, whilst based on very different theoretical premises, tended to be more concerned with the overall ideological role of the mass media in capitalist societies and less concerned with the meaning of and the production of meaning within specific media messages. When such questions were addressed they were inflected with a form of cultural pessimism. Members of the Frankfurt School, for example, attempted to show that mass culture, and particularly, American mass culture with which they had acquired a forced familiarity, was a debased culture. Adorno and Horkheimer (1977) suggested that the culture of a society under monopoly capitalism was peculiarly repressive in that while bourgeois culture offered a better and more valuable world realizable by every individual from within, mass culture produced a more totalitarian state in which even the illusory advantage of inner freedom of the individual was lost.

Abstract: T HE term 'imperialism' has in the course of its rapid career become variegated and elusive to a degree. The word has been accepted as a key to the understanding of contemporary history. But there is reason to doubt whether the writers, who in the past used it most confidently in this sense, were certain of what they meant by it, and did not, in fact, become enmeshed in its ambiguity. There is, however, one connotation which tends to overshadow all others and to convey to the reader a clearcut meaning tantamount to a great historical revelation. This connotation is implied most clearly when the noun 'imperialism' is qualified by the adjective 'economic'. Indeed authors and propagandists are sometimes so certain of the economic interpretation as to drop the adjective and to assume that the reader cannot but think of special economic interests whenever the word imperialism is brought out.' The meaning of the word in this application is as follows. The men representing the interests of capital in the greater countries of the West have obtained control of the foreign and colonial policy of their governments. The nations which are commonly referred to by the term of 'western civilization' have been goaded by their capitalists into bringing weaker peoples oversea within their grip and into exploiting them. The same had been done by Venetians, Dutchmen and Englishmen in former centuries; but-so the doctrine runs-getting hold of undeveloped countries did not become a dominant factor in politics until capitalism reached its full efflorescence-that is to say, until the last decades of the nineteenth century. It is then that the age of imperialism-or of economic imperialism or of modern imperialism-Came into being. How long it lasted-whether imperialism is still vigorous in our days or already far on its decline-on this question opinions differ. They differ on other points too. Is the capitalist interest which dominates the whole movement rooted in the first

Abstract: With the main goal to build the comprehensive well-off society in 2020,this paper systematically researched the evaluation index system of public sports facilities development level in ChinaUsing the the method of literature review,the objective tree analysis,expert interview,Delphi,and analytical hierarchy process(AHP),we defined that sports facilities are some grounds,parks,green space,water area,and related fixed auxiliary facilities for sports competitions,training,teaching and public leisure,fitness;based on grade-level,divided the sports facilities into national level,provincial、autonomous region and municipality level,prefecture level,county、the city district、club and city-specific regional level,as well as urban communities,rural towns and villages level;The development of sports facilities is mainly related to sports facilities' planning the layout,building,using and management;and constructed the evaluation index system of sports facilities development level in China,the index system consists of 2 first—level indices,8 second—level indices and 47 third—level indices,using the analytic hierarchy process(AHP),we establish the weight coefficient of index system and explain the connotation and the calculation method of each index in detail