TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors analyzed the spatial and temporal characteristics of water conservation, soil conservation, carbon sequestration, and habitat quality services and their synergistic/balancing relationships in the Qinba Mountain region from 1990 to 2020 using tools such as the InVEST model, ArcGIS, and Matlab.
Abstract: A scientific understanding of the trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services is the prerequisite for maintaining the structure, function and health of forest ecosystems, which is conducive to promoting the “win-win” goal of economic development and ecological protection. As an important ecological function area in China, the Qinba Mountain region is responsible for important ecological services such as biodiversity conservation and water conservation, and exploring the trade-offs and synergistic relationships of ecosystem services is important for ecological conservation and high-quality development in this region. This paper analyzes the spatial and temporal characteristics of water conservation, soil conservation, carbon sequestration, and habitat quality services and their synergistic/balancing relationships in the Qinba Mountain region from 1990 to 2020 using tools such as the InVEST model, ArcGIS, and Matlab. The results showed that (1) the overall trend of water connotation, soil conservation and carbon sequestration in the Qinba Mountains is increasing, while the trend of habitat quality is fluctuating and decreasing. The spatial distribution pattern of water conservation and soil conservation services was “high in the southwest and low in the northeast”, while the spatial pattern of habitat quality services was the opposite; the spatial distribution pattern of carbon sequestration services was “low in the middle and high around”. (2) Habitat quality in the Qinba Mountains has a trade-off relationship with water connotation and soil conservation, as water connotation–soil conservation is a synergistic relationship, while carbon sequestration is unrelated to water connotation–soil conservation and habitat quality. (3) The area of habitat quality–water conservation showed a decreasing trend; the area of habitat quality–soil conservation showed an increasing trend; the area of habitat quality-water conservation showed a decreasing trend; the area of habitat quality-soil conservation showed an increasing trend; the area of water conservation-soil conservation service synergistic relationship showed a decreasing and then increasing trend; while the area of carbon sequestration service and In most of the regions, carbon sequestration, soil conservation and habitat quality services are not related to each other.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented the published concepts and classifications of the marine ecosystem services and classified them into four categories: provisioning services, regulating services, cultural services and supporting services.
Abstract: This paper presents the published concepts and classifications of the marine ecosystem services.Based upon the characteristics of the marine ecosystem,the connotation on the marine ecosystem services was identified from 4 aspects.Those are the service object,substance foundation,production processes and realization approaches.The services provided by the marine ecosystem are reduced to 15 items.The specific descriptions of each item are also presented.According to relativity of contents and comparability of effects,services are classified into four categories:provisioning services,regulating services,cultural services and supporting services.The services also can be classified as the coastal and open ocean ecosystem services due to the consideration of their spatial diversity.We suggest that the appropriate classification system should be adopted depend on the characteristics in the study area and the purpose of research.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors collected and analyzed the relevant research literatures published in recent years on international mainstream journals and reviewed the research progress abroad in the concept,mechanism design and effect evaluation of PES in detail.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors scrutinize the potential of transformative innovations to contribute to social-ecological transformations and define transformative innovations as innovations that contribute to those transformations that are desirable and feasible in a specific conjuncture.
Abstract: This chapter scrutinizes the potential of transformative innovations to contribute to social-ecological transformations. It problematizes the positive connotation linked to innovations in tackling contemporary social and environmental challenges by giving an overview of theories of innovation, with a focus on social innovations, and systematizing the multiple meanings of the term transformation. We define transformative innovations as innovations that contribute to those transformations that are desirable and feasible in a specific conjuncture. Desirable are innovations that enable a good life for all within planetary boundaries, feasible are those that can be implemented here and now, given specific constellations of actors, power relations and structural constraints and possibilities. Furthermore, we describe the current conjuncture, dwell on collective and political actions and explore one promising transformative innovation: creating and strengthening sustainable and inclusive provisioning systems, that are feasible in the short term and effective in the long-term.
TL;DR: The use of the term culture in education has been criticised by as mentioned in this paper, who claim that it can refer to high art, to artistic practices more broadly including popular arts, and to the whole way of life of a people or period.
Abstract: Any attempt to review the use of the term culture in education is asking for trouble. Raymond Williams, in Keywords (1976: 87), claims that culture is “one of the two or three most complicated words in the English language.” As part of this complexity, it can refer to “high” art, to artistic practices more broadly including popular arts, and to the whole way of life of a people or period. Williams traces the history and multiplicity of denotation and connotation of the word culture not in order to arrive at a singular meaning, but to enable us to hold in tension these differences of meaning or emphasis. Terry Eagleton goes even further in this rejection of attempts to pin it down, referring to the concept culture both as “an historical and philosophical text” and as “the site of a political conflict” (2000: 19). Rather a lot for one word to carry.