Conjunctive adverb

Abstract: In modern Indoeuropean languages some adverbs are used as conjunctives, i.e., as a connector in which the semantic and pragmatic links between two or more elements, often coordinated, are explicited. Although this has hardly been addressed in ancient Greek so far, close analysis of some adverbs shows signs of a conjunctive usage in a very similar way as in modern Indoeuropean languages. In this paper we study the adverb ἅμα in Homer, Plato and Xenophon in order to determine its potential conjunctive usage and compare it with its usage as an adverb of simultaneity. Analysis of the selected authors leads to the conclusion that ἅμα is used as a conjunctive adverb in all of them. This usage, in which ἅμα has an additive value, is restricted in Homer to the syntagma, but extends in Plato and Xenophon to larger syntactic units.

Abstract: This paper addresses the linguistic status of the italian reformulation marker cioe, considered essentially a conjunctive adverb. We analyse its lexical value and the projection that reaches in the construction of discourse. We pay special attention to their metatextual functions (always in contrast with Spanish): objective reformulation marker, subjective reformulator marker and deductive connector. We provide finally, from a contrastive approach, the implications of this range of functions in teaching Italian as a second language.

Abstract: This work reviews the most important functions of ἔτι in the corpus of classical oratory (specifically in Lysias, Isocrates and Demosthenes) and in the Platonic dialogues: predicate adjunct (1), modifier of the head of a phrase (2), focus adverb (3), apodotic or correlative (4), conjunctive adverb (5) (the adverb can connect phrases or clauses) and discourse marker (6). The functions of ἔτι as a discourse marker found in our corpus are as follows: discourse structurer (organiser), co-oriented connector (additive and consecutive) and counter-argumentative connector not co-oriented (concessive-adversative).