TL;DR: The first proline-catalyzed direct catalytic asymmetric one-pot, three- component, asymmetric cross-Mannich reaction has been developed and furnishes either enantiomer of unnatural alpha-amino acid derivatives in high yield and up to >99 % ee.
Abstract: The first proline-catalyzed direct catalytic asymmetric one-pot, three-component cross-Mannich reaction has been developed. The highly chemoselective reactions between two different unmodified aldehydes and one aromatic amine are new routes to 3-amino aldehydes with dr>19:1 and up to >99 % ee. The asymmetric cross-Mannich reactions are highly syn-selective and in several cases the two new carbon centers are formed with absolute stereocontrol. The reaction does not display nonlinear effects and therefore only one proline molecule is involved in the transition state. The reaction was also catalyzed with good selectivity by other proline derivatives. The Mannich products were converted into 3-amino alcohols and 2-aminobutane-1,4-diols with up to >99 % ee. The first one-pot, three-component, direct catalytic asymmetric cross-Mannich reactions between unmodified aldehydes, p-anisidine, and ethyl glyoxylate have been developed. The novel cross-Mannich reaction furnishes either enantiomer of unnatural alpha-amino acid derivatives in high yield and up to >99 % ee. The one-pot, three-component, direct catalytic asymmetric reactions were readily scaled up, operationally simple, and conductible in environmentally benign and wet solvents. The mechanism and stereochemistry of the proline-catalyzed, one-pot, three-component, asymmetric cross-Mannich reaction are also discussed.
TL;DR: In this in vivo study, skin from the ventral forearm of 10 patients with multiple system atrophy and 10 with Parkinson's disease, together with six control subjects with essential tremor, were examined and phosphorylated SNCA deposits in skin sympathetic nerve fibres and dermal nerve fibre density were assessed.
Abstract: Deposition of phosphorylated SNCA (also known as α-synuclein) in cutaneous nerve fibres has been shown pre- and post-mortem in Parkinson's disease. Thus far, no pre-mortem studies investigating the presence of phosphorylated SNCA in skin sympathetic nerve fibres of multiple system atrophy, another synucleinopathy, have been conducted. In this in vivo study, skin from the ventral forearm of 10 patients with multiple system atrophy and 10 with Parkinson's disease, together with six control subjects with essential tremor, were examined by immunohistochemistry. Phosphorylated SNCA deposits in skin sympathetic nerve fibres and dermal nerve fibre density were assessed. All patients with Parkinson's disease expressed phosphorylated SNCA in sympathetic skin nerve fibres, correlating with an age-independent denervation of autonomic skin elements. In contrast, no phosphorylated SNCA was found in autonomic skin nerve fibres of patients with multiple system atrophy and essential tremor control subjects. These findings support that phosphorylated SNCA deposition is causative for nerve fibre degeneration in Parkinson's disease. Moreover, pre-mortem investigation of phosphorylated SNCA in cutaneous nerve fibres may prove a relevant and easily conductible diagnostic procedure to differentiate Parkinson's disease from multiple system atrophy.
TL;DR: In this paper, a device and method for precise placement of a medical instrument for fluid delivery at, or withdrawal of fluid from, a predetermined location in a body is disclosed, where a sensor, such as a proximity detector or electrically conductible circuitry, is implanted into the body adjacent to the predetermined location, which location preferably has an implanted reservoir thereat.
Abstract: A device and method for precise placement of a medical instrument for fluid delivery at, or withdrawal of fluid from, a predetermined location in a body is disclosed. A sensor, such as a proximity detector or electrically conductible circuitry, is implanted into the body adjacent to a predetermined location, which location preferably has an implanted reservoir thereat, for sensing the position of a medical instrument having an open end portion inserted into the reservoir to enable delivery of medicament into the reservoir or, in the alternative, to remove fluid from the reservoir. A signal indicative at least of a sensed desired positioning of the instrument is generated and used to assure that the instrument has been properly positioned, with additional circuitry also being provided to enable location of the implanted reservoir for positioning of the instrument prior to insertion into the body.
TL;DR: In this article, two-dimensional ordered arrays of honeycomb morphology of platinum are fabricated by using anodized aluminum oxide template and metal sputtering methods, and the resulting metal films are highly conductible and stretchable.
Abstract: Two-dimensional ordered arrays of honeycomb morphology of platinum are fabricated by using anodized aluminum oxide template and metal sputtering methods. The resulting metal films are highly conductible (71 Ω/sq), stretchable (16.8%), and transparent (75.2% at 550 nm). The presented synthetic strategy is scalable to large area without noticeable defects by incorporating the deposition of a thin layer of silver. In addition, both the pore size and wall thickness of platinum nanomesh films are straightforwardly controlled with sputtering time. As a proof of concept, the metal nanomesh films using AAO template suggest a new concept of synthesizing transparent and stretchable metal electrodes for future electronic devices.
TL;DR: A case of severe verapamil poisoning that did not respond to standard treatment, but to a combination of amrinone and isoproterenol, was reported, based on experimental data that show that amrin one or milrinone, an amrinOne-like compound, reversed the negative effects of verAPamil on sinus node and atrioventricular conduction and its negative inotropic action.
Abstract: Verapamil is a slow channel calcium entry blocker that exerts its pharmacologic effects by blocking calcium influx in arterial smooth muscle as well in conductible and contractile myocardial cells; it depresses sinus node function and the atrioventricular conduction system and causes arterial vasodilation. Overdose of verapamil has been reported 1,2 and usually responds to standard treatment, including calcium, catecholamines and ventricular pacing. We report a case of severe verapamil poisoning that did not respond to this therapy, but to a combination of amrinone and isoproterenol. Our therapeutic conception was based on experimental data that show that amrinone or milrinone, an amrinone-like compound, reversed the negative effects of verapamil on sinus node and atrioventricular conduction and its negative inotropic action. 3,4