Abstract: When ``digital computer'' was an institutional rather than a household word, the machine required some very special personnel to cajole anything from its limited facilities. The operators came to the computer and spoon-fed it. And the computer's limited ``brainpower'' permitted only one operator at a time to tinker. Today, computers can be programmed so that almost anyone can be trained to access them?at least, in a limited way. Moreover, these electronic machines now have such massive central and peripheral memories that many people can use them simultaneously. Since it is impractical to have all of the computer users make a pilgrimage to the computer, the computer is made to come to the people that it serves. This is done via communication channels?predominantly in the telephone network. The various factors involved provide the substance for this primer article.

Abstract: This article reports on the effects of EDP on clerical workers in large banks, insurance firms, and public utilities. Computer installation produces a need for job retraining and causes more transf...

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Abstract: The use of a medium scale computer for instrument support results in several distinct advantages. Instruments of differing data rates and calculation requirements may be supported on the same system at the same time. There is no interference between any of the instruments since each is assigned its own block of time for scanning and its own set of programs for data support. The use of both the on-line and off-line modes permits the easy development of programs and their subsequent incorporation into the program library. It becomes advantageous to look at data supporting instruments that require only small computer support since the off-line mode can be used for this purpose. Instruments previously considered too low in volume to support can enjoy the benefits of off-line computer support at little additional cost. The use of high level languages such as are supported on the medium scale computers make it possible to train laboratory personnel to write and modify their own programs. Their involvement in the programming effort can result in a greater acceptance of the computer as a useful tool in the laboratory, instead of the attitude that sometimes prevails that the computer is a hindrance rather than a help. The ease with which program changes can be made makes the program modification task easier for the programming staff of the computer installation, if laboratory personnel do not perform this function. The medium scale computer provides computational power far exceeding that available on a series of small dedicated computers. The “pooling” of resources results in having available a larger scale computer for those programs and instruments that require it. The degree of sophistication of software available on the medium scale computers is far above that available on the smaller units.

Abstract: No wonder you activities are, reading will be always needed. It is not only to fulfil the duties that you need to finish in deadline time. Reading will encourage your mind and thoughts. Of course, reading will greatly develop your experiences about everything. Reading your future in computer programming is also a way as one of the collective books that gives many advantages. The advantages are not only for you, but for the other peoples with those meaningful benefits.

Abstract: The impact of computers upon our society is increasing almost daily. This impact, while having reached most segments of our society, is greater in some areas than in others. In the field of higher education the impact is so extensive that the larger institutions could not operate without them.While computer usage by colleges and universities for the most part started in the larger schools, the pressures for such facilities are rapidly moving down into the smaller ones. They too have computing needs in administrative data processing, in instruction about and with computers, and for some research. In fact, the possession of computing facilities is sometimes used as an element in faculty and student recruiting.Terms such as “small” and “large” are relative. When referring to colleges in such terms, the description most often refers to student enrollment; however, it can also include variables such as number of levels of degree offerings, facilities, and financial strength. Here, a small college is one whose enrollment is less than 2500 and the highest level of offering is the bachelor's degree.

Abstract: The Workshop was held at the Maison des Sciences de I’Homme in Paris from March 31 to April 3, 1971. It was jointly organized by the Maison des Sciences de I’Homme (MSH), the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Ettides (EPHE) and the Service de Calcul du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) under the auspices of tlte Standing Committee on Social Science Data Archives of the ISSC. M. Bernard Jaulin of the Centre de Mathématiques Appliqtiies et de Calcul (MSH) wished the participants welcome on behalf of the host organizations. Professor Enrin K. Scheuch of the University of Cologne, Chairman of the Standing Comntittee, then opened the first session with an introduction describing the GYorksJtop as a step in a continuum of efforts within Europe to improve the methodological level of empirical research. He spelled