Compressor station

Abstract: GAS PROPERTIES Mass and Weight Volume Density, Specific Weight, and Specific Volume Specific Gravity Viscosity Ideal Gases Real Gases Natural Gas Mixtures Pseudo-Critical Properties from Gas Gravity Impact of Sour Gas on Non-Hydrocarbon Components Compressibility Factor Heating Value Summary Problems References PRESSURE DROP DUE TO FRICTION Bernoulli's Equation Flow Equations General Flow Equation Effect of Pipe Elevations Average Pipe Segment Pressure Velocity of Gas in a Pipeline Erosional Velocity Reynolds Number of Flow Friction Factor Colebrook-White Equation Transmission Factor Modified Colebrook-White Equation American Gas Association (AGA) Equation Weymouth Equation Panhandle A Equation Panhandle B Equation Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) Equation Spitzglass Equation Mueller Equation Fritzsche Equation Effect of Pipe Roughness Comparison of Flow Equations Summary Problems References PRESSURE REQUIRED TO TRANSPORT Total Pressure Drop Required Frictional Effect Effect of Pipeline Elevation Effect of Changing Pipe Delivery Pressure Pipeline with Intermediate Injections and Deliveries Series Piping Parallel Piping Locating Pipe Loop Hydraulic Pressure Gradient Pressure Regulators and Relief Valves Temperature Variation and Gas Pipeline Modeling Line Pack Summary Problems References COMPRESSOR STATIONS Compressor Station Locations Hydraulic Balance Isothermal Compression Adiabatic Compression Polytropic Compression Discharge Temperature of Compressed Gas Horsepower Required Optimum Compressor Locations Compressors in Series and Parallel Types of Compressors-Centrifugal and Positive Displacement Compressor Performance Curves Compressor Station Piping Losses Compressor Station Schematic Summary Problems References PIPE LOOPS VERSUS COMPRESSION Purpose of a Pipe Loop Purpose of Compression Increasing Pipeline Capacity Reducing Power Requirements Looping in Distribution Piping Summary Problems References PIPE ANALYSIS Pipe Wall Thickness Barlow's Equation Thick-Walled Pipes Derivation of Barlow's Equation Pipe Material and Grade Internal Design Pressure Equation Class Location Mainline Valves Hydrostatic Test Pressure Blowdown Calculations Determining Pipe Tonnage Summary Problems References THERMAL HYDRAULICS Isothermal versus Thermal Hydraulics Temperature Variation and Gas Pipeline Modeling Review of Simulation Model Reports Summary Problems References TRANSIENT ANALYSIS AND CASE STUDIES Unsteady Flow Case Studies Summary Problems References VALVES AND FLOW MEASUREMENTS Purpose of Valves Types of Valves Material of Construction Codes for Design and Construction Gate Valve Ball Valve Plug Valve Butterfly Valve Globe Valve Check Valve Pressure Control Valve Pressure Regulator Pressure Relief Valve Flow Measurement Flow Meters Venturi Meter Flow Nozzle Summary Problems References PIPELINE ECONOMICS Components of Cost Capital Costs Operating Costs Determining Economic Pipe Size Summary Problems References APPENDIX A: UNITS AND CONVERSIONS APPENDIX B: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS GASES APPENDIX C: PIPE PROPERTIES-US CUSTOMARY SYSTEM OF UNITS APPENDIX D: GASMOD OUTPUT REPORT APPENDIX E: SUMMARY OF FORMULAS INDEX

Abstract: In this paper, the combined natural gas and electric optimal power flow (GEOPF) problem is presented. It shows fundamental modeling of the natural gas network to be used for the GEOPF, and describes the equality constraints, which describe the energy transformation between gas and electric networks at combined nodes (i.e., generators). We also present the formulation of the natural gas load flow problem, which includes the amount of gas consumed in compressor stations. Case studies are presented to show the sensitivity of the real power generation to wellhead gas prices. Results from the simulation demonstrate that the GEOPF can provide social welfare maximizing solutions considering both gas and electric networks.

Abstract: Current knowledge on the practice of earthquake engineering for oil and gas pipeline systems is presented. Such systems typically consist of buried oil, gas, or product pipelines and aboveground facilities, including pumping and compressor stations, storage tanks for hydrocarbon products, and miscellaneous terminal facilities. Topics covered include: Description of seismic hazards; quantification of seismic hazards; design criteria considerations for pipeline systems; differential ground movement effects on buried pipes; wave propagation effects on buried pipelines; seismic response and design of liquid storage tanks; seismic response analysis of structures, equipment, and aboveground pipelines; and operations and maintenance considerations.